Kubva kuMetabolism kuenda kuLSD: Vatsvagiri Vanoongorora Vanozviongorora

Zvemukati

• Kune zvirinani kana zvakanyanya, ivo vaongorori vakachinja sainzi
• Santorio Santorio (1561-1636)
• John Hunter (1728–1793)
• Daniel Alcides Carrión (1857-1885)
• Barry Marshall (1951-)
• David Pritchard (1941–)
• Nyamavhuvhu Bier (1861-1949)
• Albert Hofmann (1906-2008)
• Nekutenda, sainzi yakabva kure nzira

Kune zvirinani kana zvakanyanya, ivo vaongorori vakachinja sainzi

Nezvishamiso zvemishonga yemazuva ano, zviri nyore kukanganwa kuti zvizhinji zvacho zvaimbozivikanwa.

Asi izvo, mamwe marapirwo epamusoro ekurapa (akaita seanesthesia yemuzongoza) uye maitiro emuviri (senge edu metabolism) akazongonzwisiswa kuburikidza nekuzviongorora - ndiko kuti, masayendisiti akatsunga "kuzviedza kumba."

Nepo isu tine rombo rakanaka ikozvino kuve neanodzora zvakanyanya emakiriniki miedzo, izvi zvaisave zvakadaro nguva dzose. Dzimwe nguva dzakashinga, dzimwe nguva dzakarasika, aya masayendisiti manomwe akazviedza pachezvawo uye akabatsira kune yekurapa sekuziva kwedu nhasi.

Santorio Santorio (1561-1636)

Akazvarwa muVenice muna 1561, Santorio Santorio akapa zvakawanda kumunda wake achishanda sechiremba akazvimiririra kune vanokudzwa uye gare gare sachigaro wemishonga yezvidzidzo paYunivhesiti yairumbidzwa yePadua - kusanganisira imwe yevatangi vekutanga vemoyo.

Asi kuda kwake kukuru mukurumbira kwaive kushaya hanya kwake nekuzviyera.

Akagadzira cheya hombe yaaigona kugara kuti aone huremu hwake. Mugumo wake waive wekuyera kurema kwechikafu chega chega chaaidya nekuona huremu hwaakarasikirwa nahwo hwaigaya.

Sezvo zvisinganzwisisike sezvazvinonzwika, aive akangwarira, uye zviyero zvake zvaive chaizvo.

Akatora zvinyorwa zvakadzama zvekudya kwaakaita uye huremu hwaakarasa zuva rega rega, pakupedzisira achigumisa kuti akarasikirwa nehafu yepondo zuva rega rega pakati penguva yekudya nenguva yekuchimbuzi.

Asingakwanise kuzvidavirira kuti "kuburitsa" kwake kwakange kwakaderera sei pane kwaakadya, pakutanga akachaya izvi kusvika "ziya risingafadzi," zvichireva kuti tinofema uye tinodikitira zvimwe zvezvinogaya muviri wedu sezvinhu zvisingaonekwe.

Iko kufungidzira kwaive kwakasviba panguva iyoyo, asi isu tava kuziva kuti aive neruzivo rwekutanga nezve maitiro emetabolism. Vanenge varapi vese nhasi vanogona kutenda Santorio nekuisa hwaro hwekunzwisisa kwedu kweichi chiitiko chakakosha chemuviri.

John Hunter (1728–1793)

Haasi ese ekuzviongorora anoenda zvakanyanya, hazvo.

Muzana ramakore rechi 18, vagari veLondon vakanga vakura zvikuru. Sezvo basa repabonde rakazove rakakurumbira uye makondomu aive asati avepo, zvirwere zvepabonde (STDs) zvakapararira nekukurumidza kupfuura vanhu zvaigona kudzidza nezvazvo.

Vashoma vanhu vaiziva kuti aya mavhairasi uye mabhakitiriya aishanda sei kupfuura kwavo kutapurirana kuburikidza nekusangana pabonde. Hapana sainzi yaivapo pamaitiro avakaita kana kana imwe iine hukama neumwe.

John Hunter, chiremba anozivikanwa zvirinani nekubatsira kugadzira chibhokisi chibhokisi, akatenda kuti STD gonorrhea yaingova nhanho yekutanga yesyphilis. Akafunga kuti kana gonorrhea ikarapwa nekukurumidza, yaizodzivirira zviratidzo zvayo kubva pakuwedzera uye kuva njovhera.

Kuita uyu musiyano kwaizoratidza kushora. Kunyange gonorrhea ichirapika uye isingauraye, syphilis inogona kuchinja hupenyu uye kunyange kuuraya.

Nekudaro, iye anofarira Hunter akaisa zvinwiwa kubva kune mumwe wevarwere vake vane gonorrhea muzviponda-ponda panhengo yake kuitira kuti aone mafambiro akaita chirwere ichi. Muvhimi paakatanga kuratidza zviratidzo zvezvirwere zvese, akafunga kuti anga atora mukana.

Anobuda, aive chaizvo zvisizvo.

Muchokwadi, murwere waanonzi akatora pus kubva kwaaive nayo zvese STD.

Muvhimi akazvipa chirwere chinorwadza chepabonde uye akatadzisa kutsvagisa STD kweanoda kusvika hafu yezana ramakore asina kupikiswa. Zvakaipisisa zvakadaro, akagonesa vanachiremba vazhinji kuti vangoshandisa mercury vapor uye vagure maronda ane hutachiona, vachifunga kuti zvinomisa syphilis kukura.

Makore anodarika makumi mashanu "awana", dzidziso yaHunter yakazogadziriswa apo chiremba wechiFrench Philippe Ricord, chikamu chenhamba inowedzera yevaongorori vanopokana nedzidziso yaHunter (uye nzira yake yekukakavara yekuunza maSTD kuvanhu vasina). akaomeswa akaedzwa masampuli kubva kuzvironda pane vanhu vane imwe kana mbiri zvirwere.

Ricord pakupedzisira akawana kuti zvirwere zviviri zvive zvakasiyana. Kutsvagisa pamusoro peaya maSDD maviri akafambira mberi exponentially kubva ipapo.

Daniel Alcides Carrión (1857-1885)

Vamwe vanozviongorora-vakabhadhara iwo wekupedzisira mutengo mukutsvaga kwekunzwisisa hutano hwevanhu nezvirwere. Uye vashoma vanokodzera bhiri iri pamwe naDaniel Carrión.

Ndichiri kudzidza kuUniversidad Mayor de San Marcos muLima, Peru, mudzidzi wezvekurapa Carrión akanzwa nezvekuputika kwefivha isinganzwisisike muguta reLa Oroya. Vashandi vezvitima imomo vaive vatanga kupererwa neropa sechikamu chemamiriro anozivikanwa se "Oroya fever."

Vashoma vakanzwisisa kuti mamiriro aya akakonzerwa sei kana kufambiswa sei. Asi Carrión aive nedzidziso yekuti: Panogona kunge paine hukama pakati pezviratidzo zvakanyanya zveOroya fever neyakajairika "verruga peruana," kana "warts dzePeru." Uye aive nezano rekuyedza dzidziso iyi: kuzvibaya jekiseni nehutachiona uye kuona kana akatanga nefivhiri.

Saka ndizvo zvaakaita.

MunaAugust 1885, akatora hutachiona hwakarwara kubva kumurwere ane makore gumi nemana uye akaita kuti vamwe vake vamujove mumaoko ake ese. Rinopfuura chete mwedzi gare gare, Carrión akatanga zviratidzo zvakakomba, senge fivhiri, kutonhora, uye kuneta zvakanyanya. Pakupera kwaSeptember 1885, akafa nefivha.

Asi kuda kwake kudzidza nezvechirwere ichi uye kubatsira avo vakazvibata chakatungamira kutsvagurudza kwakakura pamusoro pezana ramakore rakatevera, zvichitungamira vesaenzi kuziva hutachiona hunokonzera fivhiri uye kudzidza kurapa mamiriro acho. Vakamutsiva vakatumidza mamiriro ekurangarira mupiro wake.

Barry Marshall (1951-)

Haasi ese ane njodzi kuzviedza-kwavo kunoguma nenjodzi, zvakadaro.

Muna 1985, Barry Marshall, nyanzvi yezvokurapa zvemukati muRoyal Perth Hospital muAustralia, pamwe newaaitsvaga naye, J. Robin Warren, vakagumbuka nemakore ekukundikana kutsvagisa mazano nezve gut gut bacteria.

Pfungwa yavo yaive yekuti gut gut bacteria inogona kukonzera chirwere chemudumbu - mune iyi kesi, Helicobacter pylori - asi jenareta mushure mejenareta vakaramba zvavakataura, vachiwana humbowo hwavo kubva kumarabhoritari tsika zvisinga gutsikane.

Iyo yekurapa haina kutenda panguva iyo kuti mabhakitiriya anogona kurarama mudumbu acid. Asi Marshall aive. Saka, akatora zvinhu mumaoko ake. Kana mune iyi kesi, rake dumbu.

Akamwa solution ine H. pylori, achifunga kuti achazowana chironda chemudumbu imwe nguva mune ramangwana riri kure. Asi akakurumidza kukura zviratidzo zvidiki, sekusvotwa uye mweya wakaipa. Uye mune isingasviki vhiki, akatanga kurutsa, futi.

Munguva ye endoscopy nguva pfupi yapfuura, zvakawanikwa kuti iyo H. pylori anga atozadza dumbu rake nemhando yepamusoro yebhakitiriya. Marshall aifanirwa kutora mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya kuitira kuti hutachiona husakonzere kuzvimba kunouraya uye chirwere chemudumbu.

Zvakazoitika: Hutachiona hunogona zvechokwadi kukonzera gastric chirwere.

Kutambura kwaive kwakakodzera iko iye naWarren pavakapihwa Mubayiro weNobel mukurapa nekuda kwekuwanikwa kwavo pamubhadharo waMarshall (padyo-unouraya).

Uye zvinotonyanya kukosha, kusvikira nhasi, maantibayoti emamiriro ezvinhu emudumbu senge maronda eronda anokonzerwa ne H. pylori hutachiona hwave kuwanikwa zvakanyanya kune vanopfuura mamirioni matanhatu vanhu vanogamuchira kuongororwa kwezvironda izvi gore rega rega.

David Pritchard (1941–)

Kana kunwa ura mabhakitiriya kwanga kusina kushata zvakakwana, David Pritchard, purofesa wehutachiona hwehutachiona paUniversity yeNottingham muUnited Kingdom, akatowedzera kuratidza pfungwa.

Pritchard akabaya makumi mashanu ezvipukanana paruoko rwake ndokuzvisiya zvichikambaira kuburikidza neganda rake kuti amutapure.

Kutonhora.

Asi Pritchard aive nechinangwa chaicho mupfungwa paakatanga kuedza uku muna 2004. Aitenda kuti kuzvitapurira Necator americanus hookworms inogona kuita kuti allergies ako ave nani.

Akauya sei nepfungwa isina kujairika?

Mudiki Pritchard akafamba nemuPapua New Guinea muma1980 uye akaona kuti vanhu vemunharaunda vaive nerudzi urwu rwehutachiona hwehookworm vaive nezviratidzo zvekurwisa zvakanyanya kupfuura vezera ravo vasina hutachiona.

Akaenderera mberi nekuvandudza iyi dzidziso kweanoda kusvika makumi maviri emakore, kudzamara afunga kuti yaive nguva yekuiyedza - kwaari.

Kuedza kwaPritchard kwakaratidza kuti hutachiona hwehutachiona hushoma hunogona kudzikisa zviratidzo zvechirwere kuburikidza nema allergener ayo anogona kukonzera kuzvimba, seaya anokonzeresa mamiriro akaita seasima.

Zvakawanda zvidzidzo zvekuyedza dzidziso yaPritchard kubvira ipapo zvakaitwa, uye nemhedzisiro yakavhenganiswa.

Chidzidzo che2017 muClinical uye Translational Immunology chakawana kuti hookworms inovhara protein inonzi anti-inflammatory protein 2 (AIP-2), iyo inogona kudzidzisa immune system yako kuti isapise matishu kana iwe uchifemesa kurwara kana kukonzeresa kwechirwere. Iyi protein inogona kushandiswa mune ramangwana kurapwa kwechirwere.

Asi imwe muKiriniki & Ongororo Allergy yakanga isina kuvimbisa. Iyo haina kuwana chaicho chinokanganisa kubva kuhookworms pane zviratidzo zveasima kunze kwekuvandudzika kudiki kwazvo mukufema.

Panguva ino, iwe unogona kutopfurwa pamwe nehookworms iwe - pamutengo unodhura we $ 3,900.

Asi kana iwe uri panguva iyo iwe yauri kufunga nezve hoormorms, tinokurudzira kutevera zvimwe zvakaratidza kurapa kurapa, senge allergen immunotherapy kana kupfuura-the-counter antihistamines.

Nyamavhuvhu Bier (1861-1949)

Nepo mamwe masayendisiti achichinja kosi yekurapa kuratidza fungidziro yekumanikidza, vamwe, saGerman chiremba wechiremba wechiGerman August Bier, vanozviitira kubatsira varwere vavo.

Muna 1898, mumwe wevarwere vaBier paRoyal Surgical Hospital yeUniversity yeKiel kuGerman akaramba kuvhiyiwa hutachiona hwemakumbo, sezvo anga aine maitiro akasimba kune anesthesia mukati mekuvhiya kwakapfuura.

Saka Bier akataura imwe nzira: cocaine yakajowa yakananga mumuzongoza.

Uye zvakashanda. Iine cocaine mumuzongoza wake, murwere akaramba akamuka panguva yekuita pasina kunzwa kunanzva kwekurwadziwa. Asi mazuva mashoma mushure, murwere akange achirutsa zvinotyisa uye kurwadziwa.

Akatsunga kuvandudza pane zvaakawana, Bier akazvitorera kuti agadzirise nzira yake nekukumbira mubatsiri wake, August Hildebrandt, kuti ajekese fomu rakashandurwa remhinduro yecocaine mumusana wake.

Asi Hildebrandt akavhiringidza jekiseni nekushandisa saizi isiriyo, zvichikonzera cerebrospinal fluid uye cocaine kudurura kubva mutsono ichiri yakanamatira mumuzongoza waBier. Saka Bier akawana zano rekuyedza jekiseni paHildebrandt pachinzvimbo.

Uye zvakashanda. Kwemaawa akati wandei, Hildebrandt aisanzwa zvachose. Bier akaedza izvi nenzira dzakaipisisa. Akadhonza Hildebrandt bvudzi, akapisa ganda rake, uye akatosvina machende ake.

Nepo zvese zviri zviviri kuedza kwaBier naHildebrandt kwakazvara musana kweanesthesia jekiseni rakananga mumuzongoza (sezvarichiri kushandiswa nanhasi), varume vakanzwa zvinotyisa kwevhiki kana kupfuura mushure meizvozvo.

Asi Bier paakagara pamba achiva nani, Hildebrandt, semubatsiri, aifanirwa kuvhara Bier kuchipatara panguva yekupora kwake. Hildebrandt haana kuzombopfuura (zvinonzwisisika kudaro), ndokugura hukama hwake nehunyanzvi naBier.

Albert Hofmann (1906-2008)

Kunyangwe hazvo lysergic acid diethylamide (inonyatso kuzivikanwa seLSD) inowanzo kuve yakabatana nemahipi, LSD iri kuramba ichiwedzera kufarirwa uye ichinyatso kudzidza. Vanhu vari kutora microdoses yeLSD nekuda kwezvakataurwa nezvayo mabhenefiti: kuve nekuwedzera zvibereko, kurega kuputa, uye kunyangwe uine mamwe epiphanies epasi rose nezve hupenyu.

Asi LSD sekuziva kwedu nhasi ingangodaro yaisazovapo pasina Albert Hofmann.

Uye Hofmann, kemisiti akaberekerwa muSwitzerland aishanda muindasitiri yemishonga, akazviwana zvizere netsaona.

Izvo zvese zvakatanga rimwe zuva muna 1938, apo Hofmann ainyemwerera ari kubasa kuSandoz Laboratories muBasel, Switzerland. Paaigadzira zvigadzirwa zvemuti zvekushandisa mumishonga, akabatanidza zvinhu zvakatorwa kubva ku lysergic acid nezvinhu kubva ku squill, chirimwa chekurapa chaishandiswa kwemazana emakore nevaIjipita, maGreek, nevamwe vazhinji.

Pakutanga, hapana chaakaita nemusanganiswa wacho. Asi makore mashanu gare gare, musi waApril 19, 1943, Hofmann akange achiyedza nazvo zvakare uye, achibata kumeso kwake neminwe yake asingafungi, netsaona akapedza mamwe.

Mushure mezvo, akataura achinzwa kusagadzikana, kuita dzungu, uye kudhakwa zvishoma. Asi paakavhara maziso ake ndokutanga kuona mifananidzo yakajeka, mifananidzo, uye mavara mupfungwa dzake, akaona kuti uyu musanganiswa wechienzi waakange agadzira pabasa aive nemikana isingadaviriki.

Saka zuva rakatevera, akaedza zvakanyanya. Uye paakatyaira bhasikoro achienda kumba, akanzwa mhedzisiro zvakare: yekutanga yechokwadi LSD rwendo.

Zuva rino rava kuzivikanwa seZuva reBhasikoro (Kubvumbi 19, 1943) nekuda kwekukosha kwaizoita LSD: Chizvarwa chese che "maruva vana" chakatora LSD "kuwedzera pfungwa" pasi pemakumi maviri emakore gare gare uye, munguva pfupi yapfuura, ongorora mashandisiro ayo ekurapa.

Nekutenda, sainzi yakabva kure nzira

Mazuva ano, hapana chikonzero chemuongorori ane ruzivo - ndoda munhu wezuva nezuva - kuisa miviri yavo panjodzi munzira dzakanyanyisa kudaro.

Nepo iyo yekuzviongorora nzira, kunyanya muchimiro chemishonga yekumba uye zvinowedzera, inogona zvirokwazvo kunge iri kuyedza, ndiyo njodzi isingakodzeri. Mushonga nhasi uno unoenda nekuyedza kwakasimba usati warova masherufu. Isuwo tine rombo rakanaka rekuwana mukana wemuviri uri kukura wekutsvaga kwekurapa uyo unotipa simba rekuita sarudzo dzakachengeteka uye dzine hutano.

Ava vaongorori vakaita zvibayiro izvi kuti varwere venguva yemberi varege kuzoita. Nekudaro, nzira yakanakisa yekuvatenda ndeyekuzvichengeta - uye siya cocaine, kurutsa, uye hookworms kune nyanzvi.

Tim Jewell munyori, mupepeti, uye mutauro anogara muChino Hills, CA. Basa rake rakaonekwa muzvinyorwa nemakambani mazhinji anotungamira ehutano uye enhau, anosanganisira Healthline uye Iyo Walt Disney Kambani.