Mhando dzeMapatya

Zvemukati

• Mamwe mapatya
• Mapatya ehama
• Kune mhando yechitatu here?
• Zviitiko zvisingawanzoitika zvepamuviri pamuviri
• Mirror mifananidzo mapatya
• Vakabatana mapatya
• Mapatya echirwere
• Semi-akafanana mapatya
• Mukomana / musikana monozygotic (akafanana) mapatya
• Vakasarudzika mapatya ehama
• Mapatya ane makore akasiyana
• Mapatya navanababa vakasiyana
• Mapatya emarudzi akasiyana
• Njodzi dzezvehutano panguva yemimba yemimba
• Kutora

Vanhu vanofadzwa nemapatya, uye nekutenda muchikamu chikuru kufambira mberi kwesainzi yekubereka, kune mamwe mapatya kupfuura chero imwe nguva munhoroondo. Naizvozvo, sekureva kweCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), mu2017, muUnited States vaive mapatya.

Iwo akafanana uye ehama mapatya ndiwo akajairika, asi kune mamwewo akati wandei mamwe marudzi asingawanzo. Verenga pamusoro kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve mapatya.

Mamwe mapatya

Mapatya akafanana anonziwo monozygotic mapatya, zvichireva kuti zai rimwe rakaberekwa. Zvinoitika kana zai rimwe rikasangana nembeu imwechete semazuva ese, asi zai rinotsemuka nepakati nguva pfupi yapfuura. Hafu yega yega inobva yakura kuita mwana.

Nekuti pakutanga vaibva muzai rimwe chete nembeu, zana muzana remakromosomes avo akafanana. Izvi zvinoreva kuti ivo chete bonde uye vane zvakafanana magene maitiro, sevhudzi uye ziso ruvara.

Nekudaro, zvinhu zviri munharaunda yavo, sekuwanda kwakaita kamuri yavaive mudumbu, zvinogona kukonzera mutsauko mushoma pakuonekwa kwavo.

Mapatya ehama

Rimwe zita remapatya ehama dizygotic mapatya, zvichireva mazai maviri akaomeswa. Iwo mhedzisiro yaamai kuburitsa mazai maviri panguva imwe chete nezai rimwe nerimwe richisangana nembeu yakasiyanasiyana.

Nekuti zvinouya kubva mazai akasiyana uye urume, ivo vanongogovana vangangoita makumi mashanu muzana yemakromosomes avo sevamwe vana vehama. Izvi zvinoreva kuti vanogona kuve vakafanana kana vakasiyana pabonde uye havana kufanana.

Kune mhando yechitatu here?

Panogona kuve nechetatu mhando inonzi polar muviri kana hafu-yakafanana mapatya. Vamwe vanachiremba vanoti izvi zvinogona kutsanangura kuti sei mamwe mapatya ehama achitaridzika zvakafanana, asi hazvina kumbobvira zvaratidzwa kuti mhando iyi iripo.

Kana zai rasunungurwa, rinogona kutsemuka nepakati. Iwo madiki ehafu mbiri anonzi muviri wepolar. Iine zvese zvainoda kuti ikure kuva mucheche kana yakaiswa mbeu. Zvisinei, pane zvishoma zvishoma mvura (cytoplasm) mukati mayo, saka inowanzove yakanyanya kuduku kuti igone kurarama.

Kana muviri wepolar ukararama, unogona kushumwa nehumwechete kana hafu yezai yaiswa pane imwe. Mhedzisiro yacho ingave polar mapatya.

Nekuti zvinobva muzai rimwe chete, iwo ma chromosomes kubva kuna amai vavo akafanana. Ivo havagovane chero chromosomes kubva kuna baba vavo. Vanogona kana kusava ivo bonde.

Zviitiko zvisingawanzoitika zvepamuviri pamuviri

Mimba yakawanda yemapatya inoguma nevana vaviri vane hutano vanozvarwa. Dzimwe nguva, zviitiko zvisina kujairika zvinoitika panguva yekusangana kana padanho rekutanga repamuviri nhumbu inotungamira kune akasarudzika mapatya.

Mirror mifananidzo mapatya

Ichi chidimbu chemapatya akafanana anoitika kana zai richipatsanuka mazuva manomwe kusvika gumi nemaviri mushure mekuberekwa, panzvimbo pevhiki rekutanga. Panguva ino, "embryo" iri kukura yatokura kuruboshwe uye kurudyi.

Aya mapatya akafanana asi girazi mifananidzo yemumwe nemumwe.

Semuenzaniso, vhudzi ravo rinogona kutenderera nenzira dzakatarisana, mazino avo anogona kutanga kuuya nemativi akatarisana emuromo wavo, uye mumwe anogona kunge ari wekurudyi-ruoko mumwe ari ruboshwe. Vanogona kunyange kuyambuka makumbo avo nenzira dzakasiyana.

Vakabatana mapatya

Aya mapatya akafanana akabatana kune mumwe nemumwe.

Vamwe vanachiremba vanoti zviri kukonzerwa nezai risingabve zvachose. Izvi zvinogona kuitika kana ikakamura mazuva gumi nemaviri kana kupfuura mushure mekubata. Vamwewo vanoti iri zai rakakamurana zvachose asi rakazobatana richidzokerana.

Nzvimbo yekusanganiswa inosiyana, asi kazhinji kacho chipfuva kana dumbu. Iko kukura kwekubatana zvakare kunosiyana, asi kazhinji nguva dzose mapatya anogovera imwe kana zvimwe zvakakosha nhengo.

Vanobatanidzwa mapatya vanowanzofa pamberi pechinguva vachangoberekwa. Avo vanopona dzimwe nguva vanogona kupatsanurwa zvichienderana nekwavanobatanidzwa uye nenhengo dzipi dzavanogovana.

Kunyange vakabatanidzwa, aya mapatya vanhu vaviri vanhu vanogona kufunga vakazvimiririra.

Mapatya echirwere

Maparasiti mapatya rudzi rwemapatya akabatanidzwa apo mapatya madiki anoenderana neakakura. Iwo mapatya madiki haana kuumbwa zvizere uye anogona kunge asina nhengo dzakakosha senge huropi hwakazara kana moyo.

Iyo twin diki inogona kuumbika chero papi pane rimwe muviri wemapatya uye yoonekwa sechinhu chero chidiki senge chidiki chisinga zivikanwe, wechipiri musoro usingashande, kana mimwe mitezo yakasungirirwa kunhengo dzemuviri dzisingaite.

Subtypes emaparasiti mapatya anosanganisira:

• Fetus mu fetu. Apa ndipo apo mapatya ane hutachiona anokura mukati memuviri mukuru wemapatya kwete kunze kwawo.
• Acardiac mapatya. Twin to twin transfusion syndrome inoitika kana rimwechete rakafanana mapatya richiwana kuwanda kweropa uye rimwe rinowana kushoma kuburikidza neyakagovaniswa placenta. Acardiac mapatya ane fomu yakaoma yeiyi apo mapatya madiki anongova torso ine kana asina makumbo ane moyo unoshaikwa kana kuora.

Semi-akafanana mapatya

Mhando iyi mhedzisiro yesperms mbiri dzakasangana dzichiisa zai rimwe chete. Kuti rirarame, zai iri rinofanira kubva ratsemuka nepakati nehafu yega yega riine nhamba chaiyo yemakromosomes.

Pakave nezviitiko zviviri chete zvakataurwa zvemapatya akafanana.

Mukomana / musikana monozygotic (akafanana) mapatya

Muzviitiko zvisingawanzoitika, akafanana mapatya anogona kuve akasiyana pabonde. Aya mapatya anotanga semapatya echirume akafanana. Kufanana nevarume vese, ivo vese vane XY bonde chromosomes, panzvimbo yeXX sezvinoita vakadzi vese.

Nguva pfupi yapfuura zai ratsemuka nepakati, shanduko yemumajini inokonzeresa rimwe mapatya kurasikirwa neiyo Y chromosome yebonde, ichichinja kuita X0. Iyi shanduko inonzi Turner syndrome.

Sezvo paine chete X chromosome, mapatya anotaridzika munhukadzi asi ane matambudziko ekukura anotangira pakuzvara uye matambudziko ekubereka mushure mehupenyu. Mumwe mwana haana kukanganiswa.

Vakasarudzika mapatya ehama

Mapatya ane makore akasiyana

Superfetation inoreva kusangana kwezai repiri mumukadzi anenge atove nepamuviri.

Izvo zvisingawanzoitika nekuti vakadzi vanowanzo mira kuburitsa mazai vachangobata pamuviri. Kana izvi zvikaitika panguva imwechete yekuenda kumwedzi inonzi superfecundation.

Mapatya navanababa vakasiyana

Heteropaternal superfecundation ndipo apo mazai maviri anoburitswa panguva dzakasiyana muiyo imwechete ovulation kutenderera inosangana nemadzibaba akasiyana. Zvakajairika mumhuka asi zvisingawanzoitika muvanhu.

Mapatya emarudzi akasiyana

Izvi zvinogona kuitika zvakasikwa munzira nhatu, asi zvese hazvigoneke:

• Mapatya ehama anozvarwa kuvabereki vane marudzi akasiyana. Mumwe mapatya anoitika kuve neese maficha amai apo mumwe anotora achitevera baba.
• Heteropaternal superfecundation uko ivo vaviri madzibaba akasiyana marudzi. Mapatya ega ega ane maficha erudzi rwababa vavo.
• Vabereki vaviri vari biracial. Magen'a ari muhurume kana zai remunhu wepasirose anowanzo tungamira kune maficha ari musanganiswa wemarudzi ese ari maviri. Nekudaro, kana magene kubva kune ese urume uye zai rerimwe mapatya achitungamira zvakanyanya kune maficha erimwe rudzi apo majini eimwe rimwe mapatya anotungamira zvakanyanya kune maficha erumwe rudzi, mapatya anozoita semadzinza akasiyana.

Njodzi dzezvehutano panguva yemimba yemimba

Kubata pamuviri kune fetus dzakawanda kunowanzoonekwa sengozi huru nekuti vanogona kuve nemukana wakawanda wematambudziko akadai se:

• Kutora

  Mazhinji mapatya hama kana zvakafanana. Panogona kuve nechimwe chechitatu chinonzi polar muviri mapatya.

  Mapatya akasarudzika anogona kukura kana zviitiko zvisina kujairika zvichiitika panguva yekusangana kana kutanga kukura.

  Inotsigirwa neMwana Njiva