Kuputika Kwakaipisisa muUS Nhoroondo

Zvemukati

• 1633-1634: Chibhokisi kubva kuvagari vemuEurope
• 1793: Yero fever kubva kuCaribbean
• 1832-1866: Korera mumafungu matatu
• 1858: Scarlet fever yakauyawo mumafungu
• 1906-1907: "Dutu reMariya"
• 1918: H1N1 flu
• 1921-1925: Diphtheria denda
• 1916-1955: Iyo yepamusoro polio
• 1957: H2N2 flu
• 1981-1991: Wechipiri gwirikwiti rakabuda
• 1993: Mvura yakasviba muMilwaukee
• 2009: H1N1 flu
• 2010, 2014: Kukosora chikosoro
• Ma1980 kupa: HIV neAIDS
• 2020: COVID-19
• Ramba uchigadziriswa
• Dzidzo
• Zvidzivirire pamwe nemhuri yako

Denda ndere Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) sekukwira kamwe kamwe muhuwandu hwezviitiko zvehosha inotapukira munharaunda kana nzvimbo munzvimbo yakati yenguva.

Spike muhuwandu hwezviitiko zvechirwere chimwe chete munzvimbo inopfuura zvinotarisirwa nevakuru vezvehutano kuputika. Aya mazwi anogona kushandiswa zvakasiyana, asi hosha dzinowanzoonekwa senge dzakapararira.

Kwemakore, kuputika kwakawanda kwezvirwere zvinotapukira kwakaitika uye kwakapararira muUnited States.

1633-1634: Chibhokisi kubva kuvagari vemuEurope

Chibhokisi chakauya kuNorth America muma1600s. Zviratidzo zvaisanganisira kupisa kwakanyanya, kutonhora, kurwadziwa kwakanyanya musana, uye kuputika. Yakatanga kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva uye huwandu hwevaNative America hwakakanganiswa nayo sezvo hwaipararira kumadokero.

Muna 1721, zvinopfuura zviuru zvitanhatu zvemhosva zvakataurwa kubva muBoston huwandu hwevanhu zviuru gumi nezviviri. Vanenge vanhu mazana masere nemakumi mashanu vakafa nechirwere ichi.

Muna 1770, Edward Jenner akagadzira jekiseni remushonga wemombe. Inobatsira muviri kudzivirirwa nechibhokisi pasina kukonzera chirwere.

Zvino: Mushure mekurwisa chirongwa chikuru muna 1972, chibhokisi chakabviswa kubva kuUnited States. Muchokwadi, majekiseni haachadiwi.

1793: Yero fever kubva kuCaribbean

Rimwe zhizha rakanyorovera, vapoteri vari kutiza chirwere cheyero fever muCaribbean Islands vakakwira chikepe kuenda kuPhiladelphia, vakatakura hutachiona uhu.

Yero fivha inokonzera yero yeganda, fivha, uye kurutsa kweropa. Munguva yekupararira kwe1793, zvinofungidzirwa kuti gumi muzana yevagari veguta vakafa uye vamwe vazhinji vakatiza muguta kuti vadzivise.

Mushonga wakagadzirwa ndokuzopihwa rezenisi muna 1953. Mushonga umwe wakakwanira kweupenyu hwese. Inonyanya kukurudzirwa kune iwo mapfumbamwe mwedzi uye kupfuura, kunyanya kana uchigara kana uchienda kunzvimbo dzine njodzi huru.

Iwe unogona kuwana runyorwa rwenyika uko jekiseni inokurudzirwa kuti ufambe paCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) webhusaiti.

Zvino: Umhutu hwakakosha kuti chirwere ichi chinopararira sei, kunyanya munzvimbo dzakaita seCentral America, South America, ne Africa. Kubvisa umhutu kwave kubudirira pakubata yellow fever.

Nepo yellow fever isina mushonga, mumwe munhu anopora kubva pakurwara anozvidzivirira kweupenyu hwavo hwese.

1832-1866: Korera mumafungu matatu

United States yaive nemafungu matatu akakomba ekorera, hutachiona hwematumbo, pakati pa1832 na1866. Denda iri rakatanga muIndia uye rakakurumidza kupararira pasirese kuburikidza nenzira dzevatengesi.

New York City ndiro guta rekutanga reU.S. Pakati pehuwandu hwevanhu vakafa mumaguta makuru.

Hazvina kujeka kuti chii chakapedza denda iri, asi zvinogona kunge kwaive shanduko mumamiriro ekunze kana kushandisa kwega kwega matanho. Pakutanga kwema1900, kubuda kwakapera.

Kurapwa nekukasika kwakakosha nekuti cholera inogona kukonzera rufu. Kurapa kunosanganisira maantibayoti, zinc yekuwedzera, uye kugadzirisazve mvura.

Zvino: Cholera ichiri kukonzera rinenge gore rose pasirese, sekureva kweCDC. Tsvina yemazuva ano uye kurapwa kwemvura zvakabatsira kupedza korera mune dzimwe nyika, asi hutachiona hwuchiripo kumwe kunhu.

Unogona kuwana mushonga wekorera kana uri kuronga kuenda kunzvimbo dzine njodzi huru. Nzira yakanakisa yekudzivirira cholera kugeza mawoko nguva dzose nesipo nemvura uye kudzivirira kunwa mvura yakasviba.

1858: Scarlet fever yakauyawo mumafungu

Scarlet fever chirwere chebhakitiriya chinogona kuitika mushure mekurohwa kwehuro. Kufanana nekorera, chirwere chered fever chakapinda mumasaisai.

Scarlet fever inowanzoitika. Kashoma muvana vari pasi pemakore 3. Vakuru vari kusangana nevana vanorwara vane njodzi yakawedzera.

Ongororo dzekare dzinopikisa kuti fivhiri yakatsvuka nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwehutano, asi ongororo inoratidza kuti kuvandudzwa kwehutano hweveruzhinji kwaigona kunge kuri iko kunokonzeresa.

Zvino: Iko hakuna mushonga wekudzivirira strep huro kana scarlet fever. Izvo zvakakosha kune avo vane strep huro zviratidzo kuti vatsvage kurapwa nekukurumidza. Chiremba wako anowanzo kurapa tsvuku fivha nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya.

1906-1907: "Dutu reMariya"

Rimwe rematambudziko makuru e typhoid fever nguva dzese rakatanga pakati pa1906 na1907 muNew York.

Mary Mallon, anowanzo kunzi "Typhoid Mary," akaparadzira hutachiona kune vangangoita 122 veNew York panguva yake semubiki pane imwe nzvimbo uye muchipatara.

Nezve New Yorkers avo vakabatira hutachiona naMary Mallon vakafa. ICDC huwandu hwevanhu 13.160 vakafa muna 1906 uye 12 670 vakafa muna 1907.

Kuongororwa kwechiremba kwakaratidza kuti Mallon aive mutakuri ane hutano we typhoid fever. Typhoid fever inogona kukonzera kurwara uye matsvuku mavara kuti aite pachipfuva nepadumbu.

Mushonga wakagadzirwa muna 1911, uye mushonga unorwisa mabhakitiriya we typhoid fever yakatanga kuwanikwa muna 1948.

Zvino: Nhasi typhoid fever isingawanzoitiki. Asi inogona kupararira kuburikidza nekubata kwakananga nevanhu vane hutachiona, pamwe nekudyiwa kwechikafu kana mvura yakasviba.

1918: H1N1 flu

H1N1 idambudziko refuruu iro rinotenderera nyika gore rega.

Muna 1918, rwakanga rwuri rudzi rwefuruu kuseri kwechirwere chefuruwenza, dzimwe nguva chinonzi chirwere cheSpain (kunyange hachina kubva kuSpain).

Mushure meHondo Yenyika I, zviitiko zvefuruwenza zvakaderera zvishoma nezvishoma. Hapana kana rimwe remazano akapihwa panguva iyoyo (kupfeka masiki, kunwa mafuta emarasha) kwaive kurapwa kwakanaka. Kurapa kwanhasi kunosanganisira kuzorora kwemubhedha, zvinwiwa, uye mishonga yemaantiviral.

Zvino: Zvirwere zvefuruwenza zvinoshanduka gore rega rega, zvichiita kuti majekiseni egore rapfuura asanyanya kushanda. Izvo zvakakosha kuti utore jekiseni rako regore rega rekudzora njodzi yako ku flu.

1921-1925: Diphtheria denda

Diphtheria yakapinda muna 1921, na. Iyo inokonzeresa kuzvimba kweiyo mucous membranes, kusanganisira muhuro mako, izvo zvinogona kutadzisa kufema uye kumedza.

Dzimwe nguva huturu hwehutachiona hunogona kupinda muropa uye hunokonzeresa kukuvadza kwemoyo uye tsinga.

Pakazosvika pakati pemakore ekuma1920, vaongorori vakabvumidza mushonga wekurwisa hutachiona. Huwandu hwehutachiona hwakaderera muUnited States.

Zvino: Nhasi vanopfuura vana muUnited States vabaiwa, maererano neCDC. Avo vanobata chirwere vanorapwa nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya.

1916-1955: Iyo yepamusoro polio

Poriyo chirwere chehutachiona chinokanganisa tsinga, zvichikonzera kuoma mitezo. Inopararira kuburikidza nekusangana kwakananga nevanhu vane hutachiona.

Kuputika kwakaitika nguva zhinji muUnited States kuburikidza nema1950, paine kuputika kukuru kweporiyo muna 1916 uye muna 1952. Pamakesi 57,628 akashumwa muna 1952, pakanga paine vanhu zviuru zvitatu nemazana matatu nemashanu.

Muna 1955, jekiseni raDr. Jonas Salk rakabvumidzwa. Yakakurumidza kugamuchirwa pasirese. Pakazosvika 1962, avhareji nhamba yemakesi akadonhera kusvika 910. Mishumo yekuti United States yakange isina polio kubva 1979.

Zvino: Kubaiwa jekiseni kwakakosha zvikuru usati wafamba. Iko hakuna mushonga weporiyo. Kurapa kunosanganisira kuwedzera mazinga ekunyaradza uye kudzivirira matambudziko.

1957: H2N2 flu

Kuputika kukuru kwefuruu kwakaitika zvakare muna 1957. Hutachiona hweH2N2, hwakatangira mushiri, hwakatanga kutaurwa muSingapore munaKukadzi 1957, ndokuzouya kuHong Kong muna Kubvumbi 1957.

Yakaonekwa mumaguta emahombekombe muUnited States muzhizha ra1957.

Nhamba inofungidzirwa yekufa yaive 1,1 miriyoni pasirese uye.

Denda iri rinoonekwa serinyoro nekuti rakabatwa kare. Masayendisiti akakwanisa kugadzira jekiseni zvichibva paruzivo kubva mukugadzira wekutanga furuwenza wekudzivirira muna 1942.

Zvino: H2N2 haichatenderera muvanhu, asi ichiri kubata shiri nenguruve. Zvinogoneka kuti hutachiona hunogona zvakare kusvetuka kubva kumhuka kuenda kuvanhu mune ramangwana.

1981-1991: Wechipiri gwirikwiti rakabuda

Measles hutachiona hunokonzera kupisa muviri, kumhanya mhino, kukosora, maziso matsvuku, uye huro, uyezve chiva chinopararira pamusoro pemuviri wese.

Icho chirwere chinotapukira zvikuru chinopararira kuburikidza nemhepo. akabata gwirikwiti pamberi pemushonga. Muchikamu chechipiri chezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, zviitiko zvizhinji zvaikonzerwa nekusakwana kwekudzivirira nhomba.

Vanachiremba vakatanga kukurudzira mushonga wechipiri kune wese munhu. Kubva ipapo, gore rega rega rave riine, kunyangwe izvi zvakapfuurwa mu2019.

Zvino: IUnited States yakasangana nekumuka kudiki kwemasere mumakore apfuura. ICDC inotaura kuti vafambi vasina kubayiwa vanoshanyira kunze kwenyika vanogona kubata chirwere ichi. Kana vadzoka kumba kuUnited States, vanozvipfuudza kune vamwe vasina kubayiwa majekiseni.

Ive neshuwa yekuwana majekiseni ese anokurudzirwa nachiremba wako.

1993: Mvura yakasviba muMilwaukee

Imwe yezvirimwa zviviri zvekurapa mvura zveMilwaukee zvakasvibiswa ne cryptosporidium, utachiona hunokonzera hutachiona hwe cryptosporidiosis. Zviratidzo zvinosanganisira kupera mvura mumuviri, kupisa muviri, kurwadza kwemudumbu, uye manyoka.

Chidzidzo chekutanga chakaratidza kuti vanhu makumi mana nemakumi matatu nezviuru vakarwara uye vanhu makumi manomwe nevatanhatu vakafa, sekureva kweWater Quality & Health Council, zvichiita kuti kuve kwakakura kwazvo kubuda kwemvura muUnited States

Vanhu vazhinji vakapora vega. Pavanhu vakafa, ruzhinji rwakatora immune system.

Zvino: Cryptosporidiosis ichiri kunetsekana kwegore. CDC inoshuma kuti nyaya dziri pakati pa2009 na2017. Huwandu hwezviitiko uye kuputika kwakasiyana mune chero gore rakapihwa.

Cryptosporidium inopararira kuburikidza nevhu, chikafu, mvura, kana kusangana netsvina yakasvibiswa. Icho chimwe chezvikonzero zvakajairika zvekurwara kuitika kuburikidza nezhizha yekuvaraidza mvura yekushandisa uye inogona kupararira nyore kubva kumhuka dzekurima kana munzvimbo dzekuchengeta vana.

Ive neshuwa yekudzidzira hutsanana hwako hwega, sekugeza mawoko, pakadzika musasa, kana mushure mekubata mhuka. Rega kushambira kana uine manyoka.

2009: H1N1 flu

Muchirimo cha2009, hutachiona hweH1N1 hwakaonekwa muUnited States uye hwakapararira nekukurumidza nenyika nenyika. Uku kuputika kwakaita misoro yenguruve sefuruu.

Iyo yekuti paive nemamiriyoni 60.8 emamiriyoni, 274,304 zvipatara, uye 12 469 kufa muUnited States.

Pasi rose, makumi masere muzana eiyi mhirizhonga yekufa yakafungidzirwa kuti yakaitika kune vanhu vadiki pane makumi matanhatu nemashanu.

Mukupera kwaZvita 2009, mushonga weH1N1 wakazowanikwa kune wese munhu waaida. Zvirongwa zvehutachiona zvakatanga kudzikira.

Zvino: H1N1 strain ichiri kutenderera mwaka, asi inokonzeresa kufa vashoma uye kuzvipatara. Uturu hwefuruwenza hunoshanduka gore rega rega, zvichiita kuti majekiseni egore rapfuura asanyanya kushanda. Izvo zvakakosha kuti utore jekiseni rako regore rega rekudzora njodzi yako ku flu.

2010, 2014: Kukosora chikosoro

Pertussis, anozivikanwa sekukosora chikosoro, anopararira zvakanyanya uye chimwe chezvirwere zvinowanzoitika muUnited States. Uku kurwisa kwekukosora kunogona kutora kwemwedzi.

Vacheche vadiki kwazvo kuti vange vabaiwa majekiseni vane njodzi yakanyanya yekutyisidzira upenyu. Munguva yekutanga kubuda,.

Kuputika kwechikosoro kunouya makore ese matatu kusvika mashanu. CDC kuti kuwedzera kwenhamba dzenyaya ingangove iri "nyowani itsva."

Zvino: Kuitika kwechirwere kwakanyanya kushoma pane zvayaive. CDC vanhu vese vanoda jekiseni, asi kuti vakadzi vane nhumbu vanowana jekiseni panguva yetatu kwetatu yekuvandudza kuchengetedzwa pakuzvarwa.

Zvinokurudzirwa zvakare kuti vana vese, uye chero munhu asina kumbobayiwa nhomba, vawane mushonga.

Ma1980 kupa: HIV neAIDS

Kutanga kunyorwa muna 1981, denda rinozivikanwa nhasi seHIV rakaratidzika kunge husingawanzoitika hutachiona hwemapapu. Iye zvino tinoziva kuti HIV inokuvadza immune system uye inokanganisa kugona kwayo kurwisa hutachiona.

AIDS ndiyo nhanho yekupedzisira yeHIV uye, sekureva kweCDC, mu2018 yaive chikonzero chekufa muUnited States pakati pevanhu vane makore makumi maviri nemashanu kusvika makumi matatu nemana. Kungoti munhu anowana Mukondombera hazvireve kuti anozoita AIDS.

HIV inogona kutapuriranwa pabonde kana kuburikidza neropa kana mvura yemumuviri kubva kumunhu kuenda kumunhu. Inogona kutapurirwa kubva kuna amai kuenda kune mwana asati aberekwa kana ikasarapwa.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (kana PrEP) inzira yehuwandu hwevanhu vane ngozi yekudzivirira hutachiona hweHIV vasati vaonekwa. Piritsi (zita rekuti Truvada) rine mishonga miviri inoshandiswa pamwe chete nemimwe mishonga yekurapa HIV.

Kana mumwe munhu akabatwa neHIV kuburikidza nekuita zvepabonde kana jekiseni kushandisa zvinodhaka, mishonga iyi inogona kushanda kuchengetedza hutachiona kubva pakuumba hutachiona husingaperi.

CDC inotenda kuti kekutanga munhoroondo yazvino, pasi rose rine maturusi ekudzora denda reHIV pasina mushonga kana mushonga, uku richiisa hwaro hwekupedzisira kupedzisa HIV.

Kudzora denda kunoda kusvika mumapoka ane njodzi nekurapwa nekudzivirira.

Zvino: Kunyange pasina mushonga weHIV, hutachiwana hwehutachiwana hunogona kudzikiswa kuburikidza nematanho ekuchengetedza, sekuita chokwadi kuti tsono dzakadzivirirwa uye kuita bonde nenzira dzekudzivirira.

Matanho ekuchengetedza anogona kutorwa panguva yepamuviri kudzivirira iyo chirwere kubva pakupfuudzwa kubva kuna amai kuenda kumwana.

Zvekukurumidzira, PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis) mushonga mutsva wemaantiretroviral unodzivirira HIV kubva mukukura mukati memaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri.

2020: COVID-19

Utachiona hweSARS-CoV-2, mhando yecoronavirus inokonzeresa chirwere ichi COVID-19, yakatanga kuonekwa muWuhan City, Hubei Province, China mukupera kwa2019. Inoratidzika kunge inopararira nyore uye zvine mutsigo munharaunda.

Mhosva dzakataurwa pasi rese, uye kusvika pakupera kwaMay 2020, pakanga paine anopfuura mamirioni 1.5 mhaka uye vanopfuura zviuru zana vakafa muUnited States.

Gara uchiziviswa nezviratidziro zvedu zvekurarama nezve ikozvino COVID-19 kubuda. Zvakare, shanyira yedu coronavirus hub kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo rwekuti ungagadzirira sei, kuraira nezvekudzivirira uye kurapwa, uye mazano enyanzvi.

Chirwere ichi chinogona kutyisidzira hupenyu, uye vakuru vakuru uye vanhu vane zvimiro zvekurapa zvisati zvavapo, sehosha yemoyo kana yemapapu kana chirwere cheshuga, vanoita kunge vari panjodzi huru yekukura kwezvinetso zvakakomba.

Parizvino hapana mushonga.

Zviratidzo zvekutanga zvinosanganisira:

• kupindwa nechando
• chikosoro chakaoma
• mweya wekufema
• kuneta

Ramba uchigadziriswa

Dzidzo

Kuzvidzidzisa pamusoro pechirwere chiripo chiripo kunogona kukubatsira kuti unzwisise matanho aunofanirwa kutora kuitira kuti iwe nemhuri yako mugare makachengeteka uye mune hutano.

Tora nguva yekutsvaga madenda ari kuenderera nekushanyira maCDC, kunyanya kana uchifamba.

Zvidzivirire pamwe nemhuri yako

Nhau dzakanaka ndedzekuti kuputika kwakawanda kwakanyorwa pano hakuwanzo uye, mune dzimwe nguva, kunodzivirirwa. Ita shuwa kuti mhuri yako yave kusvika parizvino pane majekiseni avo usati wafamba, uye uwane matsva furu majekiseni.

Matanho akareruka mukicheni uye nzira dzekuchengetedza chikafu dzinogona zvakare kudzivirira iwe nemhuri yako kubva mukutapurirana kana kuendesa hutachiona.