Nyora 2 chirwere cheshuga

Rudzi rwechipiri chirwere cheshuga chirwere cheupenyu hwese (chisingaperi) umo mune huwandu hwakawanda hwehuga (glucose) muropa. Rudzi rwechipiri chirwere cheshuga ndiyo inonyanya kufarirwa chirwere cheshuga.

Insulin ihormone inogadzirwa mupancreas nemasero akasarudzika, anonzi beta maseru. Iyo pancreas iri pazasi uye kumashure kwedumbu. Insulin inodikanwa kutamisa shuga yeropa (glucose) mumasero. Mukati memasero, glucose inochengetwa uye yakazoshandiswa simba.

Paunenge uine rudzi rwechipiri chirwere cheshuga, mafuta ako, chiropa, uye maseru maseru haapindure nenzira kwayo insulin. Izvi zvinonzi insulin kudzivisa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, shuga yeropa haipindi mumasero aya kuti achengeterwe simba.

Kana shuga isingakwanise kupinda mumasero, huwandu hwakawanda hweshuga hunowanda muropa. Izvi zvinonzi hyperglycemia. Muviri haugone kushandisa glucose yesimba. Izvi zvinotungamira kune ezviratidzo zve type 2 chirwere cheshuga.

Nyora 2 chirwere cheshuga chinowanzo kukura zvishoma nezvishoma nekufamba kwenguva. Vanhu vazhinji vane chirwere vakafutisa kana kufutisa kana vaonekwa. Kuwedzera kwemafuta kunoita kuti zviomere muviri wako kushandisa insulin nenzira kwayo.

Rudzi rwechipiri chirwere cheshuga runogona zvakare kukura mune vanhu vasina kufuta kana kufutisa. Izvi zvinowanzoitika kune vakura vakuru.

Nhoroondo yemhuri uye magene anotora chinhanho murudzi rwechipiri chirwere cheshuga. Chikamu chezviitiko zvakaderera, kudya kwakashata, uye huremu hwemuviri hwakawandisa muchiuno zvinowedzera mukana wako wekuwana chirwere.

Vanhu vane rudzi rwechipiri chirwere cheshuga kazhinji havana zviratidzo pakutanga. Vanogona kunge vasina zviratidzo zvemakore mazhinji.

Zviratidzo zvekutanga zvechirwere cheshuga zvinokonzerwa neshuga yakakwira yeropa inogona kusanganisira:

• Dundira, itsvo, ganda, kana zvimwe zvirwere zvinowanzoitika kana kupora zvishoma nezvishoma
• Kuneta
• Nzara
• Kuwedzera nyota
• Kuwedzera weti
• Kuona kwakashata

Mushure memakore mazhinji, chirwere cheshuga chinogona kutungamira kumatambudziko akakomba ehutano, uye semhedzisiro, zvimwe zvakawanda zviratidzo.

Mubatsiri wako wezvehutano anogona kufungidzira kuti une chirwere cheshuga kana huwandu hweshuga yeropa yako hwakakwira kupfuura mazana maviri emamirigiramu padhisita (mg / dL) kana 11.1 mmol / L Kuti usimbise kuongororwa, imwe kana yakawanda yemiedzo inotevera inofanira kuitwa.

• Kutsanya kweropa glucose level - Chirwere cheshuga chinoonekwa kana chiri 126 mg / dL (7.0 mmol / L) kana yakakwira mbiri nguva dzakasiyana.
• Hemoglobin A1c (A1C) bvunzo - Chirwere cheshuga chinoonekwa kana bvunzo yacho iri 6.5% kana kupfuura.
• Oral glucose kushivirira bvunzo - Chirwere cheshuga chinoonekwa kana huwandu hweglucose iri 200 mg / dL (11.1 mmol / L) kana yakakwira maawa maviri mushure mekumwa yakakosha shuga chinwiwa.

Kuongorora chirwere cheshuga kunokurudzirwa kuti:

• Vana vakawandisa vane zvimwe zvinenjodzi zvechirwere cheshuga, kutanga pazera regumi uye vachidzokorora makore maviri ese
• Vakuru vakawandisa (BMI makumi maviri nemashanu kana kupfuura) vane zvimwe zvinenjodzi, sekukwira kweropa, kana kuve naamai, baba, hanzvadzi kana mukoma ane chirwere cheshuga.
• Vakadzi vane huremu hwepamusoro vane zvimwe zvinhu zvine njodzi, sekukwirira kweropa, vari kuronga kuve nepamuviri
  
• Vakuru vanotanga pamakore makumi mana nemashanu pamakore matatu, kana pazera diki kana munhu aine njodzi

Kana iwe wakamboonekwa uine rudzi rwechipiri chirwere cheshuga, unofanirwa kushanda pamwe nemupi wako. Ona mupiki wako kazhinji sekurairwa. Izvi zvinogona kuve ese matatu mwedzi.

Iyi inotevera bvunzo uye bvunzo zvichabatsira iwe nemupi wako kuongorora chirwere cheshuga uye kudzivirira matambudziko.

• Tarisa ganda, tsinga, uye majoini etsoka dzako nemakumbo.
• Tarisa uone kuti tsoka dzako dziri kupera simba (chirwere cheshuga chirwere cheshuga).
• Ita kuti BP yako itariswe kamwe chete pagore (chinangwa cheBP chinofanira kunge chiri 140/80 mm Hg kana kudzika).
• Ita kuti A1C yako iongororwe mwedzi mitanhatu yega kana chirwere cheshuga chakanyatso kudzorwa. Iva nemuedzo pamwedzi mitatu kana chirwere cheshuga chisina kunyatsodzorwa.
• Ita kuti cholesterol yako uye triglyceride mazinga aongororwe kamwe pagore.
• Wana bvunzo kamwe chete pagore kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti itsvo dzako dziri kushanda nemazvo (microalbuminuria uye serum creatinine).
• Shanyira chiremba weziso kamwe chete pagore, kana kazhinji kana uine zviratidzo zvechirwere cheshuga chemaziso.
• Ona chiremba wemazino yega yega mwedzi mitanhatu kuti unyatsochenesa mazino uye bvunzo. Ita shuwa kuti chiremba wemazino wako nehutsanana vazive kuti une chirwere cheshuga.

Wako mupi angangoda kutarisa rako vhitamini B12 mazinga eropa kana iwe uri kutora iyo mushonga metformin.

Pakutanga, chinangwa chekurapa ndechekudzikisa yako yakakwira eropa glucose level. Yenguva refu-zvibodzwa ndeyekudzivirira matambudziko. Aya ndiwo matambudziko ehutano anogona kukonzerwa nekuve nechirwere cheshuga.

Nzira yakakosha yekurapa uye kubata mhando 2 chirwere cheshuga ndeyekushanda uye kudya chikafu chine hutano.

Wese munhu ane chirwere cheshuga anofanirwa kuwana dzidzo uye rutsigiro rwakanaka nezvenzira dzakanakisa dzekurwisa chirwere cheshuga. Kumbira mupiki wako nezve kuona akasimbiswa chengetedzo yeshuga uye dzidzo nyanzvi uye wezvekudya.

DZIDZA UYE UYE UYE MAMWEYU

Kudzidza hunyanzvi hwekushandisa chirwere cheshuga kuchakubatsira kurarama zvakanaka nechirwere cheshuga. Aya hunyanzvi anobatsira kudzivirira matambudziko ehutano uye kudiwa kwekurapwa. Unyanzvi hunosanganisira:

• Maitiro ekuyedza uye kunyora yako yeropa glucose
• Chii, nguvai, uye yakawanda sei yekudya
• Maitiro ekuwedzera zvakachengeteka chiitiko chako uye kudzora huremu hwako
• Maitiro ekutora mishonga, kana zvichidikanwa
• Maitiro ekuziva uye kurapa yakaderera uye yakakwira ropa shuga
• Maitiro ekubata mazuva ekurwara
• Kwokutenga zvekushandisa zveshuga uye machengeterwo azvo

Zvinogona kutora mwedzi yakati wandei kuti udzidze hunyanzvi uhu. Ramba uchidzidza nezvechirwere cheshuga, zvinetso zvacho, uye maitiro ekudzora uye kugara zvakanaka nechirwere ichi. Gara up-to-date pane kutsva kutsva uye kurapwa. Ita shuwa kuti uri kuwana ruzivo kubva kunovimbika masosi, senge wako mupi uye chirwere cheshuga mudzidzisi.

KUSHANDA NESUAR RAKO REROPA

Kuongorora wega shuga yako yeropa uye kunyora pasi mhedzisiro inokuudza mashandisiro auri kuita chirwere cheshuga. Taura nemupi wako uye mudzidzisi weshuga nezve kangani yekutarisa.

Kuti utarise huwandu hweshuga yeropa rako, unoshandisa chishandiso chinonzi mita yemaglucose. Kazhinji, iwe unobaya munwe wako nekatsono kadiki, kanonzi lancet. Izvi zvinokupa donhwe diki reropa. Unoisa ropa pachiyedzo woisa mutsetse mukati memamita. Iyo mita inokupa iwe kuverenga iyo inokuudza iwe iro huwandu hweshuga yako yeropa.

Wako mupi kana mudzidzisi weshuga anobatsira kumisikidza yako chirongwa chekuyedza. Wako mupi achakubatsira iwe kumisikidza tarisiro renji kune yako eropa shuga nhamba. Chengeta zvinhu izvi mupfungwa:

• Vanhu vazhinji vane chirwere cheshuga chechipiri vanongoda kuongorora shuga yavo yeropa kamwe kana kaviri pazuva.
• Kana shuga yako yeropa iri pasi pesimba, ungangoda kuitarisa kashoma pasvondo.
• Unogona kuzviedza iwe paunomuka, usati wadya, uye panguva yekurara.
• Iwe ungangoda kuyedza kazhinji kana uchirwara kana uine kushushikana.
• Iwe ungangoda kuyedza kazhinji kana uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge wawanda ropa

Chengeta zvinyorwa zveshuga rako reropa iwe neako mupi. Zvichienderana nenhamba dzako, ungangoda kuita shanduko pakudya kwako, chiitiko, kana mishonga kuti uchengete huwandu hweshuga yeropa rako munzvimbo chaiyo. Nguva dzose uunze mita yako yeglucose muropa kumamisangano ekurapa kuitira kuti iyo data igone kutorwa uye kukurukurwa.

Wako mupi anogona kukurudzira kuti iwe ushandise inoenderera glucose glucose (CGM) kuyera shuga yeropa kana:

• Iwe urikushandisa majekiseni e insulin kakawanda pazuva
• Wakave nechikamu cheshuga yakadzika yeropa
• Ropa rako rehuga reropa rinosiyana zvakanyanya

Iyo CGM ine sensor inoiswa pasi peganda chete kuyera glucose mune yako tishu fluid mvura yega yega maminetsi mashanu.

Kudya KUNOITIKA UYE KUDZORA Uhuremu

Shanda pamwe chete nevapi vako vezvehutano kuti udzidze huwandu hwemafuta, mapuroteni, uye makabhohaidhiretsi iwe aunoda mukudya kwako. Zvirongwa zvako zvekudya zvinofanirwa kukwana mararamiro ako nemaitiro uye zvinofanirwa kusanganisira chikafu chaunoda.

Kugadzirisa huremu hwako uye nekudya zvine hutano zvakaringana zvakakosha. Vamwe vanhu vane rudzi rwechipiri chirwere cheshuga vanogona kurega kutora mishonga mushure mekuderedza uremu. Izvi hazvireve kuti chirwere chavo cheshuga chinorapwa. Vachine chirwere cheshuga.

Vanhu vakafutisa vane chirwere cheshuga chisina kutarisirwa zvakanaka nedhayeti nemishonga vanogona kufunga nezvekuvhiya (bariatric) kuvhiyiwa.

BASA RENYAYA DZINOGARA

Kugara uchiita basa kwakakosha kune wese munhu. Izvo zvinotonyanya kukosha kana uine chirwere cheshuga. Kurovedza muviri kwakanakira hutano hwako nekuti:

• Inoderedza huwandu hweshuga yeropa rako pasina mushonga
• Inopisa mamwe macalorie uye mafuta kubatsira kubata uremu hwako
• Inovandudza kuyerera kweropa uye BP
• Inowedzera simba rako
• Inovandudza kugona kwako kubata kusagadzikana

Taura nemupi wako usati watanga chero chirongwa chekurovedza muviri. Vanhu vane rudzi rwechipiri chirwere cheshuga vangangoda kutora matanho akakosha pamberi, panguva, uye mushure mekurovedza muviri kana kurovedza muviri, kusanganisira kugadzirisa mwero we insulin kana zvichidikanwa.

Mishonga yekurapa chirwere cheshuga

Kana kudya uye kurovedza muviri zvisingabatsire kuchengetedza shuga yako yeropa pane yakajairwa kana padyo-padanho nhanho, mupi wako anogona kukupa mushonga. Sezvo madhiragi aya achibatsira kudzikisa huwandu hweshuga yeropa munzira dzakasiyana, mupi wako anogona kuti iwe utore zvinopfuura kamwe chete.

Mimwe yemhando dzakajairika dzemishonga dzakanyorwa pazasi. Dzinotorwa nemuromo kana jekiseni.

• Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
• Biguanides
• Bheri asidhi sequestrants
• DPP-4 inhibitors
• Injectable mishonga (GLP-1 analogs)
• Meglitinides
• SGLT2 inhibitors
• Sulfonylureas
• Thiazolidinediones

Ungangoda kutora insulini kana shuga yako yeropa isingakwanise kudzorwa neimwe yemishonga iri pamusoro. Kazhinji kazhinji, insulin inorowa pasi peganda uchishandisa sirinji, insulin peni, kana pombi. Imwe nzira ye insulini ndiyo inhaled mhando. Insulini haigone kutorwa nemuromo nekuti asidhi iri mudumbu inoparadza insulin.

KUDZIVIRIRA KUTAMBUDZIKA

Mubatsiri wako anogona kupa mishonga kana mamwe marapirwo kuti uderedze mukana wako wekuvandudza mamwe matambudziko anowanzoitika pachirwere cheshuga, kusanganisira:

• Chirwere chemaziso
• Chirwere cheitsvo
• Chirwere chemwoyo uye sitiroko

KUCHENGETA KWEMAFUA

Vanhu vane chirwere cheshuga vane mikana yakawanda kupfuura yeavo vasina chirwere cheshuga kuva nematambudziko etsoka. Chirwere cheshuga chinokuvadza tsinga. Izvi zvinogona kuita kuti tsoka dzako dzisakwanisa kunzwa kumanikidzwa, kurwadziwa, kupisa, kana kutonhora. Iwe haugone kucherechedza kukuvara kwetsoka kusvikira iwe uine kukuvara kwakakomba paganda uye munyama pazasi, kana iwe ukawana hutachiona hwakakomba.

Chirwere cheshuga chinogonawo kukuvadza tsinga dzeropa. Maronda madiki kana kutyoka muganda anogona kuve akadzika maronda eganda (maronda). Nhengo yakakanganiswa ingangoda kudimburwa kana maronda eganda aya asingarape kana kukura, kudzika, kana kutapukirwa.

Kuchengetedza matambudziko netsoka dzako:

• Regedza kusvuta kana uchisvuta.
• Natsiridza kutonga kweshuga yako yeropa.
• Tora bvunzo dzetsoka nemupi wako kanokwana kaviri pagore kuti udzidze kana uine kukuvara kwetsinga.
• Kumbira mupiki wako kuti atarise tsoka dzako kumatambudziko akadai semacallus, bunions kana hammertoes. Izvi zvinoda kurapwa kudzivirira kuparara kweganda uye maronda.
• Tarisa uye chengeta tsoka dzako mazuva ese. Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha kana iwe uchinge uchinge uine tsinga kana reropa kukuvara kana tsoka tsoka.
• Bata utachiona hushoma, senge tsoka yemumhanyi, ipapo.
• Shandisa mafuta ekuzora paganda rakaoma.
• Ita shuwa kuti iwe unopfeka mhando chaiyo yeshangu. Kumbira mupiki wako kuti ndeupi mhando yeshangu yakakunakira iwe.

HUPENYU HWENYAYA

Kurarama nechirwere cheshuga kunogona kunetsa. Iwe unogona kunzwa uchikurirwa nezvose zvaunoda kuti uite kugadzirisa chirwere cheshuga. Asi kutarisira hutano hwako hwepamoyo kwakakoshawo sehutano hwako hwepanyama.

Nzira dzekugadzirisa kushushikana dzinosanganisira:

• Kuteerera kumimhanzi inozorodza
• Kufungisisa kubvisa pfungwa dzako pane zvaunonetseka
• Kufema kwakadzika kubatsira kubvisa kushushikana kwemuviri
• Kuita yoga, taichi, kana kufambira mberi kwekuzorora

Kunzwa kusuruvara kana kusuwa (kushushikana) kana kunetseka dzimwe nguva zvakajairika. Asi kana iwe uine aya manzwiro kazhinji uye ivo vari kupinda munzira yekugadzirisa yako chirwere cheshuga, taura neboka rako rezvehutano. Vanogona kutsvaga nzira dzekukubatsira kuti unzwe zvirinani.

Vanhu vane chirwere cheshuga vanofanirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedza nguva yavo yekudzivirira.

Kune akawanda mashuga zviwanikwa izvo zvinogona kukubatsira iwe kuti unzwisise zvakawanda nezve rudzi rwechipiri chirwere cheshuga. Iwe unogona zvakare kudzidza nzira dzekugadzirisa mamiriro ako kuti ugone kurarama zvakanaka nechirwere cheshuga.

Chirwere cheshuga chirwere cheupenyu hwese uye hapana mushonga.

Vamwe vanhu vane chirwere cheshuga cheshuga havachadi mushonga kana vachinge vadzikira uye voita basa. Kana vasvika pakurema kwavo, miviri yavo insulin uye chikafu chine hutano chinogona kudzora huwandu hweshuga yeropa.

Mushure memakore mazhinji, chirwere cheshuga chinogona kutungamira kumatambudziko akakomba ehutano:

• Unogona kuve nematambudziko eziso, kusanganisira kunetsekana kuona (kunyanya husiku), uye nekunzwa kupenya. Unogona kuita bofu.
• Tsoka dzako neganda zvinogona kukura maronda uye hutachiona. Kana maronda akasapora mushe, tsoka yako kana gumbo rinogona kuda kutemwa. Zvirwere zvinogonawo kukonzera kurwadziwa uye kuvava paganda.
• Chirwere cheshuga chingaite kuti zviome kudzora yako BP uye cholesterol. Izvi zvinogona kutungamira pakurwara kwemoyo, sitiroko, uye mamwe matambudziko. Zvinogona kuva zvakaoma kuti ropa riyerere kumakumbo ako netsoka.
• Tsinga mumuviri wako dzinogona kukuvara, zvichikonzera kurwadziwa, kurira, uye chiveve.
• Nekuda kwekukuvara kwetsinga, unogona kuve nezvinetso kugaya chikafu chaunodya. Iwe unogona kunzwa kushaya simba kana kunetseka kuenda kuchimbuzi. Kukuvara kwemutsipa kunogona kuita kuti zviomere kuti varume vave nekumiswa.
• Yakakwira shuga yeropa uye zvimwe zvinetso zvinogona kukonzera kukuvara kweitsvo. Itsvo dzako dzinogona kusashanda sezvadzakamboita. Ivo vanogona kutomira kushanda kuti iwe ude dialysis kana itsvo kuisazve.
• Shuga yakakwira yeropa inogona kushomeka immune system yako. Izvi zvinogona kuita kuti zvive nyore kuti iwe uwane hutachiona, kusanganisira hupenyu hunotyisidzira ganda uye hutachiona hutachiona.
  

Fonera 911 kana iyo yemuno emergency emergency kana iwe uine:

• Kurwadziwa pachifuva kana kumanikidzwa
• Kufenda, kuvhiringidzika kana kusaziva
• Kufenda
• Kufema kwekufema
• Tsvuku, inorwadza ganda riri kupararira nekukurumidza

Zviratidzo izvi zvinogona kukurumidza kuwedzera uye kuita mamiriro ekukurumidzira (senge kufenda, hypoglycemic coma kana hyperglycemic coma).

Danaidza mupiki wako kana iwe uine:

• Unhu, kugwinha, kana kurwadziwa mutsoka dzako kana makumbo
• Matambudziko nekuona kwako
• Maronda kana kutapukira patsoka dzako
• Zviratidzo zveshuga yakakwira muropa (nyota yakanyanyisa, kuona kwakasviba, ganda rakaoma, kushaya simba kana kuneta, kuda kuita weti yakawanda)
• Zviratidzo zveshuga yeropa yakaderera (kushaya simba kana kuneta, kubvunda, kudikitira, kusagadzikana, kunetseka kufunga zvakajeka, kurova kwemoyo nekukurumidza, kuona zvakapetwa kana kusviba, kunzwa kusagadzikana)
• Kazhinji kunzwa kwekuora mwoyo kana kunetseka

Unogona kubatsira kudzivirira rudzi rwechipiri chirwere cheshuga nekugara pakurema kwemuviri. Iwe unogona kusvika kune huremu hune hutano nekudya zvekudya zvine hutano, kudzora zvikamu zvako, uye kutungamira mararamiro anoshanda. Mimwe mishonga inogona zvakare kunonoka kana kudzivirira rudzi rwechipiri chirwere cheshuga muvanhu vari panjodzi yekuvandudza chirwere ichi.

Noninsulin-inotarisira chirwere cheshuga; Chirwere cheshuga - mhando II; Munhu mukuru-kutanga chirwere cheshuga; Chirwere cheshuga - rudzi rwechipiri chirwere cheshuga; Oral hypoglycemic - mhando 2 chirwere cheshuga; Yakakwira ropa shuga - mhando 2 chirwere cheshuga

• ACE inhibitors
• Mushure mekuvhiyiwa-kurasikirwa nekuvhiyiwa - chii chekubvunza chiremba wako
• Usati waremerwa-kurasikirwa uremu - chii chekubvunza chiremba wako
• Chirwere cheshuga uye kurovedza muviri
• Chirwere cheshuga kutarisirwa kwemaziso
• Chirwere cheshuga - maronda etsoka
• Chirwere cheshuga - kuramba uchishanda
• Chirwere cheshuga - kudzivirira chirwere chemwoyo uye sitiroko
• Chirwere cheshuga - kutarisira tsoka dzako
• Chirwere cheshuga bvunzo uye kuongororwa
• Chirwere cheshuga - kana uchirwara
• Rutsoka kudimburwa - kubuda
• Gastric bypass kuvhiya - kubuda
• Laparoscopic gastric banding - kubuda
• Kudimburwa gumbo - kubuda
• Gumbo kana tsoka kudimburwa - kupfeka shanduko
• Shuga yeropa yakaderera - kuzvitarisira
• Kugadzirisa shuga yako yeropa
• Nyora 2 chirwere cheshuga - chii chekubvunza chiremba wako

• Chirwere cheshuga uye kurovedza muviri
• Dhiyabhorosi zvinhu zvekukurumidzira
• 15/15 kutonga
• Zvokudya zvine starchy
• Zviratidzo zveshuga zveropa
• Glucose muropa
• Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
• Biguanides
• Sulfonylureas zvinodhaka
• Thiazolidinediones
• Kudya uye insulin kusunungurwa
• Kuongorora ropa glucose - Series

American Chirwere cheshuga Association. 2. Kupatsanura uye kuongororwa kwechirwere cheshuga: zviyero zvekurapwa mune cheshuga - 2020. Chirwere cheshuga. 2020; 43 (Suppl 1): S14-S31. PMID: 31862745 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31862745/.

American Chirwere cheshuga Association. 11.Microvascular zvinetso uye kutarisirwa kwetsoka: zviyero zvekurapwa mune cheshuga - 2020. Chirwere cheshuga. 2020; 43 (Suppl 1): S135-S151. PMID: 31862754 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31862754/.

American Chirwere cheshuga Association. 8. Kuwedzeredza manejimendi yekurapa kworudzi rwechipiri chirwere cheshuga: zviyero zvekurapwa mune cheshuga - 2020. Chirwere cheshuga. 2020; 43 (Suppl 1): S89-S97. PMID: 31862751 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31862751/.

Chirahwe MC, Ahmann AJ. Therapeutics yerudzi rwechipiri chirwere cheshuga mellitus. Mune: Melmed S, Auchus, RJ, Goldfine AB, Koenig RJ, Rosen CJ, eds. Williams Chinyorwa cheEndocrinology. 14th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: chits. 35.