Melanoma

Melanoma ndiyo mhando inotyisa yegomarara reganda. Ichowo chisaroma. Icho chiri chikonzero chinotungamira cherufu kubva kuchirwere cheganda.

Dzimwe mhando dzakajairika dzegomarara reganda squamous cell carcinoma uye basal cell carcinoma.

Melanoma inokonzerwa neshanduko (shanduko) mumasero eganda anonzi melanocytes. Aya maseru anoita ruvara rweganda pigment inonzi melanin. Melanin inokonzeresa ganda neganda bvudzi.

Melanoma inogona kuoneka pane yakajairwa ganda. Dzimwe nguva inogona kukura kubva pamamota. MaMoles aripo pakuzvarwa anogona kukura kuita melanomas. Makore makuru aripo pakuzvarwa anogona kunge ari panjodzi huru yekukura nemelanoma.

Kune mana makuru marudzi e melanoma:

• Chinyararire chinoparadzira melanoma ndiyo mhando yakajairika. Inowanzo kuve yakati sandara uye isina kuenzana muchimiro uye neruvara, iine dzakasiyana shades dzeblack uye brown. Inowanzoitika kune vakanaka ganda vanhu.
• Nodular melanoma kazhinji inotanga senzvimbo yakakwidzwa iyo yakasviba nhema-bhuruu kana bhuruu-tsvuku. Vamwe havana chero ruvara (amelanotic melanoma).
• Lentigo maligna melanoma inowanzoitika kuvanhu vakura. Inowanzoitika paganda rakakuvara nezuva kumeso, mutsipa, nemaoko. Nzvimbo dzisina kujairika dzeganda dzinowanzo kuve hombe, dzakapetana, uye tan dzine nzvimbo dzebhuruu.
• Acral lentiginous melanoma ndiyo fomu isina kujairika. Inowanzoitika pamichindwe, inotsika, kana pasi pezvipikiri.

Ngozi yekuvandudza melanoma inowedzera nezera. Nekudaro, vazhinji uye vechidiki vari kuisimudzira.

Iwe uri mukana wekuvandudza melanoma kana iwe:

• Iva neganda rakanaka, bhuruu kana girini maziso, kana tsvuku kana bvudzi bvudzi
• Rarama mumamiriro ekunze ane zuva kana pakakwirira
• Akapedza nguva yakawanda munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzechiedza chezuva chakasimba nekuda kwebasa kana zvimwe zviitiko
• Wakave neumwe kana anopfuura anopisa kupisa kwezuva panguva yehudiki
• Shandisa zvishandiso zvekusuka, senge mibhedha yekuchenesa

Zvimwe zvinhu zvine njodzi zvinosanganisira:

• Kuva nehama dzepedyo nemelanoma
• Dzimwe mhando dzema moles (atypical kana dysplastic) kana akawanda mabhureki ekuberekwa
• Dziviriro yezvirwere mumuviri nekuda kwechirwere kana mishonga

Iyo mole, inorwadza, bundu, kana kukura paganda inogona kuve chiratidzo che melanoma kana imwe gomarara reganda. Chironda kana kukura kunobuda ropa, kana shanduko muvara zvakare kunogona kuve chiratidzo chegomarara reganda.

Iyo ABCDE system inogona kukubatsira kuyeuka zvingangodaro zviratidzo zve melanoma:

• Asymmetry: Imwe hafu yenzvimbo isina kujairika yakasiyana neimwe hafu.
• Bmirairo: Iyo micheto yekukura haina kujairika.
• Color: Ruvara shanduko kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe, iine shades yehusani, shava, kana nhema, uye dzimwe nguva chena, tsvuku, kana bhuruu. Musanganiswa wemavara unogona kuoneka mukati meimwe ronda.
• Diameter: Iyo nzvimbo inowanzo (asi kwete nguva dzose) yakakura kupfuura 5 mm dhayamita - inenge saizi yepenzura eraser.
• Evolution: Iyo mole inoramba ichichinja chitarisiko.

Imwe nzira yekutarisa inogona kuitika maranoma ndiyo "yakaipa duckling sign." Izvi zvinoreva kuti melanoma haina kutaridzika seimwe yemamwe mavara pane muviri. Inotaridzika kunge dhadha rakashata mune nyaya yevana.

Anopa hutano hwako anoongorora ganda rako otarisa saizi, chimiro, ruvara, uye kugadzirwa kwenzvimbo dzese dzinofungidzirwa nedermatoscope.

Kana mupi wako achifunga kuti ungave uine kenza yeganda, chidimbu cheganda kubva mukukura chinobviswa. Izvi zvinodaidzwa kuti biopsy yeganda. Muenzaniso unotumirwa kubazi kuti riongororwe pasi pemaikorosikopu.

A sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy inogona kuitwa mune vamwe vanhu vane melanoma kuti vaone kana gomarara rapararira kune ma lymph node ari padyo.

Pane imwe nguva melanoma yaonekwa, CT inoongorora kana mamwe marudzi e-ray anogona kuitwa kuti aone kana gomarara rapararira.

Kuvhiya kunowanzodiwa pakurapa melanoma. Gomarara reganda nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakakomberedza dzinobviswa. Yakawanda sei ganda rinobviswa zvinoenderana nekuti yakadzika zvakadii melanoma.

Kana kenza yapararira kune ma lymph node ari padyo, idzi lymph node dzinogona zvakare kubviswa. Mushure mekuvhiyiwa, zvinoenderana nenjodzi yekudzoka kwechirwere, unogona kuwana chemotherapy kana immunotherapy.

Kurapa kunonyanya kuoma kana melanoma yapararira kune dzimwe nhengo. Kurapa kunosanganisira kudzikira gomarara reganda uye kurapa kenza mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzomuviri. Unogona kugamuchira:

• Chemotherapy: Mishonga inoshandiswa kuuraya cancer maseru zvakananga.
• Immunotherapy: Izvi zvinosanganisira zvinodhaka zvakaita se interferon kubatsira immune system yako kurwisa gomarara, kana mamwe madhiragi anosimudzira immune system yako kuwana masero ekenza ovauraya. Dzinogona kushandiswa pamwe nekemotherapy uye kuvhiyiwa.
• Radiation kurapwa: Izvi zvinogona kushandiswa kuuraya cancer maseru.
• Kuvhiya: Kuvhiya kunogona kuitwa kubvisa kenza yakapararira kune dzimwe nhengo dzomuviri. Izvi zvinoitirwa kurerutsa kurwadziwa kana kusagadzikana kwakabatana nekenza iri kukura.
• Musoro wemishonga: Inosimudzira immune system munzvimbo dzemuno.

Kana iwe uine melanoma iyo yakaoma kurapa, unogona kufunga kunyoresa mukutongwa kwekiriniki. Kumbira chiremba wako kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo. Vatsvakurudzi vanoramba vachidzidza marapirwo matsva.

Unogona kudzikisira kushushikana kwehurwere nekujoinha boka rekutsigira gomarara. Kugovana nevamwe vane zvakajairika zviitiko uye matambudziko zvinogona kukubatsira kuti usazonzwa kusurukirwa.

Izvi zvinotevera zviwanikwa zvinogona kupa rumwe ruzivo nezve melanoma:

• National Cancer Institute - www.cancer.gov/about-nci
• American Cancer nzanga - www.cancer.org/cancer/melanoma-skin-cancer
• Iyo American Melanoma Foundation - melanomafoundation.org/

Kunyatsoita kwaunoita kunoenderana nezvinhu zvakawanda, kusanganisira nekukurumidza kuti kenza yakaonekwa sei, uye kuti yapararira zvakadii.

Muchikamu chayo chekutanga, maranoma mazhinji anogona kurapwa.

Melanoma iyo yakadzika kwazvo kana yakapararira kune iyo lymph node inogona kudzoka mushure mekurapwa. Kana iri yakadzika kupfuura 4 mm kana yakapararira kune iyo lymph node, gomarara iri rinogona kunge rakapararira kune mamwe maturusi nenhengo.

Kana iwe wakambove nemelanoma uye wapora, zvakakosha kuti uongorore muviri wako nguva nenguva pane chero shanduko dzisina kujairika. Ngozi yako yemelanoma inowedzera kana uchinge wave nekenza iyi. Melanoma inogona kudzoka makore apfuura.

Melanoma inogona kupararira kune dzimwe nhengo dzomuviri.

Kurapa kweMelanoma kunogona kukonzera mhedzisiro, kusanganisira kurwadziwa, kuda kurutsa, uye kupera simba.

Fonera mupiki wako kana iwe ukaona kukura kutsva kana chero imwe shanduko muganda rako. Uyezve taura nemupi wako kana iripo nzvimbo:

• Shanduko muchimiro, saizi kana ruvara
• Iva anorwadza, kuzvimba, kana kuzvimba
• Inotanga kubuda ropa kana kuvava

Vamwe vanhu vanofanirwa kuona chiremba weganda kuti vagare vachiongorora ganda. Izvi zvinosanganisira vanhu vane:

• Nhoroondo yemhuri yemelanoma
• Yakanyanya zuva-yakakuvara ganda
• Mota zhinji paganda ravo

Chiremba weganda anogona kukuongorora uye akakuudza kana uchida kugara uchiongororwa ganda. Dzimwe nguva, mamore asina kujairika anobviswa kuti avadzivise kutendeuka kuita melanoma.

Iwe unofanirwa zvakare kuongorora rako pachako ganda kamwe chete pamwedzi. Shandisa girazi kutarisa zvakaoma-kuona-nzvimbo. Shandisa iyo ABCDE system uye "yakashata dhadha" chiratidzo kana uchitarisa ganda rako.

Nzira yakanakisa yekudzivirira gomarara reganda kudzikisira kusvikirwa nezuva. Ultraviolet mwenje wakanyanya kusimba pakati pegumi kusvika na4 dzemasikati. Edza kudzivirira kuratidzwa kwezuva mukati memaawa aya. Dzivirira ganda rako nekupfeka ngowani, hembe ine maoko marefu, siketi refu, kana bhurugwa kana uchifanira kunge uri panze. Aya anotevera matipi anogona zvakare kubatsira:

• Nyorera yakakwira-yepamusoro yezuva ine chiyero chezuva chekuchengetedza (SPF) chema30 kana kupfuura, kunyangwe iwe uchingoenda kunze kwenguva pfupi.
• Isa huwandu hukuru hwezuva pane ese nzvimbo dzakafumurwa, kusanganisira nzeve netsoka.
• Tarisa sunscreens anovhara ese UVA uye UVB mwenje. Izvi zvichave nechinyorwa "chakakura chakakura."
• Shandisa fomula isina mvura kana ikasangana nemvura.
• Zora cheki sunscreen kwemaminitsi makumi matatu usati wabuda kunze. Dzishandise zvakare kakawanda, kunyanya mushure mekushambira.
• Shandisa sunscreen munguva yechando, futi. Zvidzivirire kunyangwe pamazuva ane makore.

Zvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha zvekukubatsira iwe kudzivirira kuwandisa kwezuva kubuda kwezuva:

• Dzivisa nzvimbo dzinoratidza mwenje wakawanda, senge mvura, jecha, kongiri, uye nzvimbo dzakapendwa chena.
• Iva nehanya zvakanyanya pakukwirira kwakakwirira, uko ganda rinopisa nekukurumidza.
• Dzivisa marambi ezuva, mibhedha yekuchenesa, uye masalon.

Kunyangwe hazvo melanoma ichigona kukura mune mamwe ma moles, vanachiremba vanonzwa kuti hapana mukana kubvisa moles kudzivirira melanoma.

Kenza yeganda - melanoma; Malignant melanoma; Lentigo maligna melanoma; Melanoma in situ; Zvisina kujairika kuparadzira melanoma; Nodular melanoma; Acral lentiginous melanoma

• Melanoma yechiropa - MRI scan
• Gomarara reganda - yakaipa malanoma
• Kenza yeganda - yakasimudza yakawanda-mavara melanoma
• Gomarara reganda, melanoma - rakadzika, rakasvibira lesion
• Gomarara reganda, melanoma pachigunwe chemunwe
• Gomarara reganda, kuvhara-pedyo kwe lentigo maligna melanoma
• Gomarara reganda - melanoma inopararira pamusoro
• Melanoma
• Gomarara reganda, melanoma - yakasimudzwa, dema lesion
• Malignant melanoma

Garbe C, Bauer J. Melanoma. Mune: Bolognia JL, Schaffer JV, Cerroni L, eds. Dermatology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018: chits. 113.

National Cancer Institute webhusaiti. Melanoma kurapwa (PDQ) hutano nyanzvi vhezheni. www.cancer.gov/types/skin/hp/melanoma-treatment-pdq. Yakagadziridzwa Mbudzi 8, 2019. Yakasvika munaNdira 29, 2020.

National Yakakwana Cancer Network webhusaiti. NCCN kiriniki yekudzidzira maitiro mune oncology: melanoma. Shanduro 2. 2018. www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/melanoma.pdf. Yakagadziridzwa Zvita 19, 2019. Yakasvika munaNdira 29, 2020.