Cytogenetics: chii icho, bvunzo yacho inoitwa sei uye ndeyei

Zvemukati

• Chii ichochi
• Zvinoitwa sei

Iyo cytogenetics bvunzo inovavarira kuongorora ma chromosomes uye, nekudaro, kuona echromosomal shanduko inoenderana nehunhu hwemakiriniki. Muedzo uyu unogona kuitwa chero pazera, kunyangwe panguva yekuzvitakura kuti utarise kuti zvinogona kuitika shanduko mumwana.

Cytogenetics inobvumidza chiremba uye murwere kuve neinotarisa genome, zvichibatsira chiremba kuti aongorore uye atore kurapwa, kana zvichidikanwa. Bvunzo iyi haidi chero gadziriro uye kuunganidzwa hakutore nguva kuti kuitwe, zvisinei mhedzisiro yacho inogona kutora pakati pemazuva matatu kusvika gumi kuti iburitswe maererano nerabhoritari.

Chii ichochi

Kuongororwa kwevanhu cytogenetics kunogona kuratidzirwa kuongorora zvinogona kuitika chromosomal shanduko, zvese muvana uye nevakuru. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti inoongorora chromosome, chinova chimiro chakaumbwa neDNA nemapuroteni anoparadzirwa mumasero ari maviri, ari makumi maviri nematatu. Kubva ku karyogram, inoenderana nechirongwa chechromosome sisitimu zvinoenderana nehunhu hwayo, iyo inosunungurwa semhedzisiro yebvunzo, zvinokwanisika kuziva shanduko mumakromosomes, akadai se:

• Nhamba dzinochinja, iyo inoratidzirwa nekuwedzera kana kuderera muhuwandu hwemakromosomes, senge zvinoitika muDown syndrome, umo kuvepo kwematatu echromosomes 21 kunosimbiswa, nemunhu ane ma chromosomes 47 zvachose;
• Shanduko yesystem, umo mune kutsiviwa, kuchinjaniswa kana kubviswa kwenzvimbo yakati yekromosome, yakadai seCri-du-Chat syndrome, iyo inoratidzirwa nekubviswa kwechikamu chechromosome 5.

Nekudaro, inogona kukumbirwa kubatsira mukuongororwa kweimwe mhando dzekenza, kunyanya leukemias, uye hutachiona hutachiona hunoratidzwa nekuchinja kwechimiro kana nekuwedzera kana kuderera kwenhamba yemakromosomes, senge Down syndrome, Patau syndrome uye Cri-du -Chat, inozivikanwa seyeow syndrome kana katsi kuchema.

Zvinoitwa sei

Muedzo unowanzoitwa pachishandiswa muyero weropa. Panyaya yekuongororwa mumadzimai akazvitakura ane chinangwa chekutarisa ma "chromosomes" e "fetus", amniotic fluid kana kunyangwe mashoma eropa anounganidzwa. Mushure mekutora izvo zvipenyu uye nekuzvitumira murabhoritari, maseru anozogadzirwa kuitira kuti iwande uyezve inhibitor yesero kupatsanurwa inowedzerwa, izvo zvinoita kuti chromosome iri muchimiro chayo yakanyungudika uye inyatsoonekwa.

Zvichienderana nechinangwa chebvunzo, akasiyana mamorekuru maitiro anogona kuiswa kuti uwane ruzivo nezve munhu karyotype, iyo yakanyanya kushandiswa kuve:

• Kubata G: Unyanzvi hunoshandiswa zvakanyanya mu cytogenetics uye hune kushandiswa kwe dhayi, iyo Giemsa dhayi, kubvumidza kuona kwema chromosomes. Iyi nzira inoshanda zvakanyanya kuona kuwanda, kunyanya, uye shanduko shanduko mune chromosome, iri nzira huru yemolekyuli inoshandiswa mu cytogenetics yekuongororwa uye kusimbiswa kwe Down syndrome, semuenzaniso, iyo inozivikanwa nekuvapo kwechimwe chromosome;
• FISH Technique: iyi ndiyo nzira yakajeka uye yakajeka, ichinyanya kushandiswa kubatsira pakuongorora gomarara, sezvo ichibvumidza kuona shanduko diki mumakromosomes uye kugadzirisa patsva, kuwedzera pakuona shanduko dzenhamba mumakromosomes. Kunyangwe ichinyatsoita, nzira yeFISH inodhura, sezvo ichishandisa maDNA probes akanyorwa ne fluorescence, inoda mudziyo kuti utore fluorescence uye ubvumidze kuona kwema chromosomes. Uye zvakare, kune mamwe maitiro anowanikwa mu molecular biology iyo inobvumidza kuongororwa kwekenza.

Kutevera kuiswa kwedhayi kana kunyorerwa ma probes, echromosomes akarongeka zvinoenderana nesaizi, ari maviri, ekupedzisira maviri anoenderana nehunhu hwemunhu, uyezve achienzaniswa neyakajairwa karyogram, nekudaro achitarisa shanduko dzinogona kuitika.