Iyo Mari Yekutarisira Rudzi rwechipiri Chirwere cheshuga: Nyaya yaShelby

Zvemukati

• Mari yehupenyu hukuru inochinja
• Nyora 2 chirwere cheshuga chinoenderera mberi uye ndizvo zvinoita mari yacho
• Iyo yakakwira mutengo wekuchengetedza inishuwarenzi kufukidza
• Kugonana neshanduko uye kukwira kwemitengo
• Kubhadhara mari yekuchengeta
• Kurwira kurapwa kwakachipa

Hutano uye hutano zvinobata mumwe nemumwe wedu zvakasiyana. Iyi inyaya yemunhu mumwe.

Shelby Kinnaird paakanga aine makore makumi matatu nemanomwe ekuberekwa, akashanyira chiremba wake kunoongororwa. Mushure mekunge chiremba wake arayira kuongororwa ropa, akaziva kuti shuga yake yeropa yakanga yakakwira.

Kufanana nevaAmerican, Shelby anga agadzira mhando 2 chirwere cheshuga - mamiriro umo muviri usingakwanise kuchengeta zvakanaka kana kushandisa shuga kubva muchikafu, zvinwiwa, nezvimwe zvinobva.

Asi kurarama ne type 2 chirwere cheshuga haizi nyaya yekudzidza kubata shuga yeropa. Kugadzirisa mutengo wemamiriro acho - kubva kumainishuwarenzi epuramu, macopay, uye mishonga kune nzira dzekurarama semakirasi ekurovedza muviri uye chikafu chine hutano - zvinopa matambudziko akasarudzika.

Pakutanga, mushure mekuongororwa kwaShelby, mitengo yake yaive shoma uye yainyanya kuenderana nekuita sarudzo dzakanaka dzezuva nezuva. Chiremba waShelby akamutumira kumudzidzisi weshuga kuti amubatsire kudzidza maitiro erudzi rwechipiri chirwere cheshuga, kushandisa dhayeti, kurovedza muviri, uye dzimwe nzira dzekuchinja mararamiro.

Achibatsirwa nemudzidzisi wake weshuga, Shelby akatanga maitiro matsva ezuva nezuva.

Akatanga kuteedzera chese chikafu chaakadya, achishandisa nzira inozivikanwa se "nzira yekuchinjana," kuronga chikafu chingabatsira kuchengetedza shuga yake yeropa pasi.

Akatanga kuita maekisesaizi, achienda kunofamba mazuva ese mushure mebasa.

Akabvunzawo mukuru wake kana aigona kufamba zvishoma. Zvaive zvakaoma kunamatira kune kudya kune hutano uye kurovedza muviri uchifamba zvakanyanya sezvaakange ari webasa.

Mukati megore rekutanga rekuongororwa kwake, Shelby akarasikirwa angangoita makumi matatu mapaundi uye mashuga eropa rake akadonhera kune yakatarwa nharaunda.

Kwemakore mashoma akatevera, akakwanisa kudzora shuga yake yeropa achishandisa nzira dzisingadhuri dzemararamiro ega. Panguva ino, mari yake yaive yakaderera. Vamwe vanhu vane rudzi rwechipiri chirwere cheshuga vanogona kubata mamiriro pasina mushonga kweanoverengeka makore kana kupfuura. Asi pakupedzisira, vazhinji vanoda mishonga yekuchengeta shuga yavo yeropa mukati mechinangwa chakatarwa.

Nekufamba kwenguva, chiremba waShelby akawedzera mumwe mushonga uyezve mamwe kuchirongwa chake chekurapa.

Nekuda kweizvozvo, mitengo yake yekurarama nechirwere cheshuga yakakwira - pakutanga zvishoma nezvishoma uyezve zvakanyanya kushamisa.

Mari yehupenyu hukuru inochinja

Mukutanga kwema2000, makore akati wandei mushure mekuongororwa kwake, Shelby akapfuura nemuhombe shanduko huru muhupenyu hwake.

Akaparadzana nemurume wake wekutanga. Akatama kubva kuMassachusetts kuenda kuMaryland. Akachinja kubva kubasa renguva yakazara kuenda kubasa renguva isina kuzara, achidzokera kuchikoro kunodzidza kugadzira dhizaini. Mushure mekupedza kudzidza, akasiya software yeinjiniya yekambani kwaakange achishandira kutanga bhizinesi rake.

Hupenyu hwakamanikidzika - uye akaona zvakaoma kuisa pamberi pekugadzirisa chirwere cheshuga.

"Hupenyu hwakawanda hwakaitika panguva imwe chete," akadaro, "uye chirwere cheshuga, pakutanga, ndicho chinhu chandaikoshesa, ndobva ndafunga, 'o zvinhu zvakanaka, ndiri kuita zvakanaka,' kamwe kamwe, rinobva radzika pasi pachinyorwa. ”

Muna 2003, kuongororwa kweropa kwakaratidza kuti mashuga eropa rake akange asisiri mune yake tarisiro. Kubatsira kudzikisa huwandu hweshuga yeropa rake pasi, chiremba wake akamurayira metformin, mushonga wemumuromo uyo wanga uchishandiswa kurapa rudzi rwechipiri chirwere cheshuga kwemakumi emakore. Metformin inowanikwa seyakajairika mushonga pamutengo wakaderera kana kunyangwe mahara.

"Haina kumbobvira yanditorera kudarika $ 10 pamwedzi," akadaro Shelby.

"Naizvozvo, apo ini [gare gare] ndaigara kuNorth Carolina, paive nechitoro ipapo chaipa metformin mahara," akaenderera mberi. "Ndinofunga nekuti mushonga wacho wanga uripo kwenguva yakareba, zvakachipa, zvinoita sekunge tikakupa metformin mahara, uchauya pano kune zvimwe zvinhu."

Muna Chivabvu 2020, iyo yakakurudzirwa kuti vamwe vanogadzira metformin yakawedzerwa kuburitswa vabvise mamwe mapiritsi avo kubva kumusika weU.S. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti mwero usingagamuchirike wecarcinogen inokonzeresa (kenza-inokonzeresa mumiriri) yakawanikwa mune mamwe akawedzeredzwa-kuburitsa metformin mapiritsi. Kana iwe parizvino uchitora mushonga uyu, fonera wako mupi wezvehutano. Ivo vanozopa zano kana iwe uchifanira kuenderera kutora mishonga yako kana kana iwe uchida mushonga mutsva.

Nyora 2 chirwere cheshuga chinoenderera mberi uye ndizvo zvinoita mari yacho

Muna 2006, Shelby akatamira nemurume wake wechipiri kuCape Hatteras, cheni yezvitsuwa zvinotambanuka kubva kuchamhembe kweNorth Carolina kuenda kuAtlantic Ocean.

Kwakange kusina nzvimbo dzekuchengetedza chirwere cheshuga kana endocrinologists munzvimbo iyi, saka akavimba nachiremba wekutanga wekubatsira kubata mamiriro ake.

Akaenderera mberi kutora madosi ezuva nezuva emetformin, kudya chikafu chine hutano, uye kurovedza muviri nguva dzose. Asi mushure memakore akati wandei, akawana nzira idzo dzaive dzisina kukwana.

"Ndasvika padanho apo iwe uchifunga kuti urikuita zvese nemazvo, uye zvisinei kuti chii chaunodya, shuga yeropa inokwira," akadaro.

Kubatsira kudzikisa huwandu hweshuga yeropa, chiremba wake wekutanga akamunyorera mushonga wemumuromo unozivikanwa se glipizide. Asi zvakakonzera kuti shuga yake yeropa idonhe zvakanyanya, saka akarega kuitora uye "akawedzera kuomarara" nedhayeti yake uye tsika dzekurovedza muviri kuyedza kuchengeta shuga yake yeropa munzvimbo yakatarwa.

Shelby nemurume wake pavakatamira kuChapel Hill, North Carolina, muna 2013, aive achiri kunetsekana kubata shuga yake yeropa. Chiremba wake mutsva wekutanga akamutumira kuna endocrinologist.

"Ndakaenda kunoona endocrinologist munzvimbo yavo yeshuga uko," akadaro Shelby, "uye iye akati," Usazvirove wega, ichi chinhu chinofambira mberi. Saka, kunyangwe ukaita zvinhu nemazvo, zvichazokubata pakupedzisira. '”

Iye endocrinologist akaraira mushonga unobayiwa jekiseni unozivikanwa saVictoza (liraglutide), uyo Shelby akashandisa ne metformin nemaitiro ehupenyu kudzikisa shuga yake yeropa.

Pakutanga, aingobhadhara madhora makumi masere pamubhadharo wega wega wemazuva makumi mapfumbamwe weVictoza.

Asi mukati memakore mashoma, izvo zvaizochinja nenzira hombe.

Iyo yakakwira mutengo wekuchengetedza inishuwarenzi kufukidza

Shelby paakatanga kuongororwa chirwere cheshuga, akafukidzirwa neinishuwarenzi yehutano inoshandirwa.

Mushure mekusiya basa rake kuti atange basa rekuzvimiririra, akabhadhara kuchengeta yake yekare inishuwarenzi chirongwa kwenguva pfupi asati atenga zvakavanzika inishuwarenzi ari ega. Panguva iyoyo, kuwana yakazvimiririra hutano inishuwarenzi kunogona kuve kwakaomarara kune avo vane mamiriro aripo akadai seshuga.

Ipapo iyo Inotengeka Care Act (ACA) yakaitwa muna 2014 uye sarudzo dzayo dzakachinja. Shelby nemurume wake vakanyoresa muBlue Cross Blue Shield chirongwa kuburikidza neNorth Carolina ACA kuchinjana.

Muna 2014, vakabhadhara madhora 1,453 pamwedzi mumaprimiyamu akabatanidzwa uye vaive nemhuri mu-network inobvisirwa madhora chiuru.

Muna 2015, izvo zvakachinja. Kubhadharwa kwavo kwemwedzi pamwedzi kwakadonha zvishoma, asi mhuri yavo mu-network inobvisirwa yakasvetukira ku $ 6,000. Pavakatama kubva kuNorth Carolina kuenda kuVirginia gare gare gore iro, maprimiyamu avo akadonhedza zvishoma kune $ 1,251 pamwedzi - asi yavo yavakabvisa yakawedzera zvakanyanya, ichiwedzera kusvika kumadhora zviuru zvinomwe pagore.

Semhuri, vakawana kuzorora kudiki kwemari murume waShelby paakafanirwa neMedare. Mari yake yepayimusi yakawira pamadhora mazana mashanu nemakumi mashanu pamwedzi, uye iye wega mu-network inobvisirwa yakaiswa pamadhora mazana matatu nemazana mashanu pagore.

Asi kuchinja kwemitengo hakuna kumira. Muna 2016, mari yepamberi pamwedzi yaShelby yakadonha zvishoma kusvika pamadhora mazana mana negumi nemana pamwedzi - asi iye mu-network akabvisirwa mari yakakwira kusvika kumadhora mazana mashanu nemazana manomwe nemakumi mashanu pagore.

Mu2017, akachinjira kuAnthem, achisarudza chirongwa nemabhadharo emwedzi nemwedzi e $ 569 uye iri mu-network inobvisirwa madhora zana nemakumi masere nemashanu pagore.

Iyo Anthem chirongwa chakapa yakanakisa inishuwarenzi kufukidza iyo yaakange ave nayo, Shelby akadaro.

"Kuvhara kwacho kwaishamisa," akaudza Healthline. "Ndiri kureva, handina kuenda kuna chiremba kana kurapwa kwaifanira kubhadhara chinhu chimwe chete chegore rose."

Akaenderera mberi achiti, "Chinhu chega chandaifanira kubhadhara yaive mishonga yekunyorera, uye Victoza aive madhora makumi masere kwemazuva makumi mapfumbamwe."

Asi pakupera kwegore ra2017, Anthem akadonha kubva kuVirginia ACA kuchinjana.

Shelby aifanira kunyoresa muchirongwa chitsva kuburikidza neCigna - ndiyo yaive yake yega sarudzo.

"Ini ndaive nesarudzo imwe," akadaro. "Ndakawana chirongwa chine madhora mazana matanhatu nemakumi matatu nematatu pamwedzi, uye mari yandakabvisa yaive $ 6,000, uye muhomwe mangu maive $ 7 350."

Pamunhu wega, raive zano rakadhura kwazvo kubva pane chero einishuwarenzi yehutano yaaive nayo.

Kugonana neshanduko uye kukwira kwemitengo

Pasi pechirongwa cheShelby's Cigna inishuwarenzi, mutengo weVictoza wakakwira zviuru mazana matatu kubva pamadhora makumi masere kusvika pamadhora mazana maviri nemazana mana ezviuru zvemazuva makumi mapfumbamwe.

Shelby anga asingafarire nezvekuwedzera kwemutengo, asi akanzwa kuti mushonga waimushandira zvakanaka. Iye zvakare aifarira kuti yaipa zvingango batsira pahutano hwake hwemwoyo.

Kunyangwe nzira dzakachipa dzemishonga dzaivepo, ainetsekana kuti vakauya nenjodzi yakakwira yehypoglycemia, kana shuga shoma muropa.

"Ndinovenga kuenda kune imwe yemishonga inodhura," akadaro Shelby, "nekuti anogona kukonzera shuga yako yeropa kudzikira, saka saka unofanirwa kunetseka nezvezasi."

Akafunga kunamatira naVictoza obhadhara mutengo.

Dai anga asina rombo rakanaka mune zvemari, angadai akaita imwe sarudzo, akadaro.

"Ndiri kunzwa rombo rakanaka kuti ndinokwanisa kubhadhara $ 2 400 yemushonga," akadaro. "Ndinonzwisisa kuti vamwe vanhu havagone."

Akaenderera nehurongwa hwakafanana hwekurapa kusvika gore rapfuura, apo iye waaimutsigira paakamuudza kuti zvaisazovhara mushonga - zvachose. Pasina chikonzero chiri pachena chekurapa, mupi weinishuwarenzi akamuudza kuti zvaisazovhara Victoza asi zvaizovhara mumwe mushonga, Trulicity (dulaglutide).

Mutengo wose weTrulicity wakaiswa pamadhora mazana maviri nemazana maviri ezviuru zvemazuva makumi mapfumbamwe muna2018. Asi mushure mekunge amurova akabvisirwa mari yegore, akabhadhara madhora mazana masere nemakumi masere neshanu pakudzokorodza kwega kwega kwakatengwa muUnited States.

Vagadziri '"Makadhi Ekuchengetedza" anowanikwa kune zvese Trulicity uye Victoza, pamwe nemimwe mishonga, iyo inogona kubatsira vanhu vane yakazvimiririra hutano inishuwarenzi nemari. Iyo yakanyanya kuchengetwa kweTrulicity i $ 450 ye90-yezuva rekupa. KwaVictoza, iyo yekupedzisira mari ndeye $ 300 yekutenga kwemazuva makumi mapfumbamwe.

Muna Zvita, Shelby nemurume wake vakashanyira Mexico uye vakamira neimwe khemisi yemuno kuti vaenzanise mutengo. Kwekupihwa kwemazuva makumi mapfumbamwe, mushonga wacho wakatemwa pamadhora mazana mana nemakumi mashanu nemashanu.

Kumba, Shelby akatarisa pamutengo wake weinishuwarenzi wero yeTrulicity ye2019. Mushure mekuisa mushonga uyu mungoro yake yeinternet odha, mutengo wakakwira kusvika pa $ 4,486.

Zvino, handizive kana ndizvo zvandiri kuzopedzisira ndabhadhara, "akadaro Shelby," nekuti dzimwe nguva fungidziro dzavo hadzisi chaizvo [kurudyi]. Asi kana zviri izvo, ndinofungidzira ndichafanira - handizive. "Handizive kuti ndichaibhadhara here kana kuti ndichaenda kune chimwe chinhu."

Kubhadhara mari yekuchengeta

Mishonga ndicho chikamu chinodhura pane cheShelby chazvino mhando 2 chirwere cheshuga chirongwa chekurapa.

Asi handiyo chete mari yaanotarisana nayo kana zvasvika pakugadzirisa hutano hwake.

Kunze kwekutenga mishonga yeshuga, anoshandisawo mwana aspirin kudzikisa njodzi yekurwara nemoyo uye sitiroko, zvimisikidzo zvekudzikisa huwandu hweropa remuropa, uye mishonga yetachiona kurapa hypothyroidism.

Idzi nyaya dzehutano dzinowanzo enda-pamwe-nerudzi rwechipiri chirwere cheshuga. Pane hukama hwepedyo pakati peiyo mamiriro uye hypothyroidism. Nhau dzemwoyo, dzakadai sekurwadziwa kwemoyo, kurohwa, uye yakakwira ropa cholesterol, zvakare zvakajairika kune vanhu vane chirwere cheshuga chechipiri.

Iyo yekurapa uye yemari mutengo werudzi rwechipiri chirwere cheshuga unowedzera. Shelby akatengawo mazana emabhureki ebvunzo gore rega rega kuti aongorore mashuga eropa rake zuva nezuva. Dzimwe nguva, aona zvichidhura kutenga micheka yekuyedza kubva pasherufu, pane kuti kuburikidza nemupi wake weinishuwarenzi. Gore rakapera, akawana bvunzo bhanhire yemahara mukutsinhana kwekuyedza mutyairi gadziriro itsva yeglucose yekutarisa.

Munguva pfupi yapfuura, iye akatenga inoenderera glucose glucose (CGM) iyo inoteedzera shuga yake yeropa nguva dzose pasina bvunzo dzebvunzo.

"Handikwanise kutaura zvakanaka pamusoro pazvo," Shelby akaudza Healthline. "Ndinofunga vanofanira kungopa izvi kune wese munhu ane chirwere cheshuga, uye vanofanirwa kunyatsovharwa neinishuwarenzi."

"Ini handigoni kutenda zvinhu zvandiri kudzidza," akaenderera mberi, "kubva mukukwanisa kuona girafu yekwaive neshuga yeropa zuva rese."

Nekuti Shelby haatore insulin, iye inishuwarenzi mupi haazobhadhare mutengo weCGM. Saka akabhadhara madhora makumi matanhatu nemashanu muhomwe yemuverengi pachawo, pamwe nemadhora makumi manomwe neshanu pama sensors maviri aakatenga. Imwe neimwe sensor inogara kwemazuva gumi nemana.

Shelby akasanganawo nekopay uye coinsurance yekuchaja kune nyanzvi dzekugadzwa uye bvunzo dzebhu. Kubatsira kubata uye kuongorora chirwere cheshuga, anoshanyira endocrinologist uye anoita basa reropa kanenge kaviri pagore.

Muna 2013 akaonekwa aine nonalcoholic fatty chiropa chirwere (NAFLD) - mamiriro anogona kukanganisa vanhu vese vane chirwere cheshuga chechipiri. Kubva ipapo, anoshanyirawo nyanzvi yechiropa gore rega. Akaita akawanda chiropa ultrasound uye chiropa elastography bvunzo.

Shelby anobhadharawo kuongororwa kwegore kwegore, panguva iyo chiremba weziso anotarisa zviratidzo zvekukuvara kwetsvo uye kurasikirwa kwemaonero kunokanganisa vanhu vazhinji vane chirwere cheshuga.

Iye anobhadhara muhomwe yemassage yemwedzi nemwedzi uye zvega zvega zvakavanzika zvikamu zveyoga, izvo zvinomubatsira kudzora kushushikana uye zvazvingava zvinokanganisa pamazinga eshuga yeropa. Sarudzo dzisingadhuri dzinowanikwa - senge kumba-mavhidhiyo eyoga uye kurovedza kufema - asi Shelby anoita zviito izvi nekuti zvinomushandira zvakanaka.

Kuchinja dhayeti yake kwakukanganisawo mari yaanoshandisa vhiki nevhiki, nekuti chikafu chine hutano chinowanzo dhura zvakanyanya kudarika sarudzo shoma.

Kurwira kurapwa kwakachipa

Munzira dzakawanda, Shelby anozviona seane rombo rakanaka. Mamiriro ake ezvemari akasimba, saka haasati achifanira kusiya "zvakakosha" zvinhu kuti awane kurapwa kwake.

Ndingasarudza here kushandisa mari yangu kune zvimwe zvinhu, sekufamba, uye chikafu, uye mota nyowani? Chokwadi, ”akaenderera mberi. "Asi ini ndakakomborerwa zvakakwana kuti handifanire kusiya zvinhu kuti ndikwanise."

Parizvino, akadzivirira zvakakomba matambudziko kubva kuchirwere cheshuga.

Izvo zvinetso zvinogona kusanganisira chirwere chemwoyo uye sitiroko, kukundikana kweitsvo, kukuvara kwemitsipa, kurasikirwa kwemaonero, matambudziko ekunzwa, hutachiona hwakakomba, uye zvimwe zvehutano.

Matambudziko akadaro anogona kukanganisa hutano uye mhando yehupenyu hwevanhu vane chirwere cheshuga, uku vachiwedzera zvakanyanya mutengo wavo wekurapa. Chidzidzo chegore ra2013 chakawana kuti kune vakadzi vanoonekwa vaine chirwere cheshuga chechipiri pakati pemakore makumi maviri nemashanu nemakumi mana nemana, avhareji yehupenyu mutengo wakanangana wekurapa kurapa mamiriro uye matambudziko akasangana aive $ 130,800

Mune chidzidzo, mari inoenderana nemhirizhonga yakaita hafu yemutengo iwoyo. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kudzivisa matambudziko aya kunogona kunge kuri kukuru-saver.

Kubatsira kusimudzira kuzivikanwa nezvematambudziko emari anosangana nevanhu vazhinji vane chirwere cheshuga cheshuga, Shelby akazova mutsigiri wemurwere.

"IAmerican Diabetes Association inotsigira chimwe chinhu gore rega rega chinonzi Call to Congress munaKurume," akadaro. "Ndanga ndiri kune vekupedzisira vaviri, uye ndiri kuenda zvakare munaKurume. "Ndiwo mukana wekuudza vatongi vemitemo nyaya dzakadai."

"Ini ndinotora mukana wese wandinogona kuita kuti vakasarudzwa vangu vakuru vazive nezvese zvatinoenda kuburikidza nazvo," akawedzera.

Shelby inobatsirawo kumhanyisa mapoka maviri ekutsigira vanhu vane chirwere cheshuga chechipiri, kuburikidza nesangano rinozivikanwa seDiabetesSisters.

"Rinongova boka revanhu avo vese vari kubata nezvamuri kusangana nazvo," akadaro, "uye nerutsigiro rwepfungwa urwo rwaunopa nekutora mumhando dzenzvimbo idzi rwave rwakakura."

"Ndinofunga chero munhu ane chero chirwere chisingaperi anofanira kuedza kutsvaga boka rakadai," akadaro, "nekuti zvinobatsira zvikuru."

• 23% vakati yaive nemafungiro akanaka.
• 18% yakati iri kuwana kurovedza muviri kwakakwana.
• 16% yakati iri kugadzirisa zviratidzo.
• 9% yakati ndiko kushanda kwemushonga.

Ongorora: Zvikamu zvinoenderana nedatha kubva kuGoogle kutsvaga zvine chekuita nerudzi rwechipiri chirwere cheshuga.

Heano zvimwe zviwanikwa iwe zvaungawana zvichibatsira:

• 34% vakati iri kuchengetedza chikafu chine hutano.
• 23% vakati yaive nemafungiro akanaka.
• 16% yakati iri kugadzirisa zviratidzo.
• 9% yakati ndiko kushanda kwemushonga.

Ongorora: Zvikamu zvinoenderana nedatha kubva kuGoogle kutsvaga zvine chekuita nerudzi rwechipiri chirwere cheshuga.

Kubva pamhinduro yako, heino sosi inogona kukubatsira:

• 34% vakati iri kuchengetedza chikafu chine hutano.
• 23% vakati yaive nemafungiro akanaka.
• 18% yakati iri kuwana kurovedza muviri kwakakwana.
• 16% yakati iri kugadzirisa zviratidzo.

Ongorora: Zvikamu zvinoenderana nedatha kubva kuGoogle kutsvaga zvine chekuita nerudzi rwechipiri chirwere cheshuga.

Heano zvimwe zviwanikwa iwe zvaungawana zvichibatsira:

• 34% vakati iri kuchengetedza chikafu chine hutano.
• 18% yakati iri kuwana kurovedza muviri kwakakwana.
• 16% yakati iri kugadzirisa zviratidzo.
• 9% yakati ndiko kushanda kwemushonga.

Ongorora: Zvikamu zvinoenderana nedatha kubva kuGoogle kutsvaga zvine chekuita nerudzi rwechipiri chirwere cheshuga.

Heano zvimwe zviwanikwa iwe zvaungawana zvichibatsira:

• 34% vakati iri kuchengetedza chikafu chine hutano.
• 23% vakati yaive nemafungiro akanaka.
• 18% yakati iri kuwana kurovedza muviri kwakakwana.
• 9% yakati ndiko kushanda kwemushonga.

Ongorora: Zvikamu zvinoenderana nedatha kubva kuGoogle kutsvaga zvine chekuita nerudzi rwechipiri chirwere cheshuga.

Zvinoenderana nemhinduro yako, hezvino zviwanikwa zvingakubatsira: