Dambudziko rekushandisa zvinodhaka

Dambudziko rekushandisa zvinodhaka rinoitika kana munhu achishandisa doro kana chimwe chinhu (chinodhaka) chinotungamira kuhutano kana matambudziko kubasa, kuchikoro, kana kumba.

Dambudziko iri rinonziwo kushandisa zvinodhaka.

Icho chaicho chinokonzera kusagadzikana kwekushandisa zvinodhaka hachizivikanwe. Magen'a emunhu, zvinoitwa nemushonga, kumanikidzwa nevezera rako, kushungurudzika mupfungwa, kushushikana, kushushikana, nekushushikana kwezvakatipoteredza zvinogona kunge zviri zvinhu.

Vazhinji vanogadzira chinetso chekushandisa zvinodhaka vane kushushikana, kucherechedzwa kushomeka kusagadzikana, mushure mekushungurudzika kusagadzikana kusagadzikana, kana rimwe dambudziko repfungwa Hupenyu hwekushushikana kana hwekusagadzikana uye kuzvitarisira pasi zvakajairika.

Vana vanokura vachiona vabereki vavo vachishandisa zvinodhaka vanogona kuva nenjodzi huru yekukudziridza dambudziko rekushandisa zvinodhaka mushure mehupenyu kune zvese zvakatipoteredza uye nemagene zvikonzero.

Zvinhu zvinowanzo shandiswa zvinosanganisira:

• Opiates uye mamwe maNarcotic ane simba ekurapa marwadzo anogona kukonzeresa, uye dzimwe nguva manzwiro akasimba ehupenyu, mufaro, mufaro, mufaro, uye mufaro. Izvi zvinosanganisira heroin, opium, codeine, uye marwadzo ekurwadziwa narcotic ayo anogona kupihwa nachiremba kana kutengwa zvisiri pamutemo.
• Zvinokurudzira zvinodhaka zvinokurudzira huropi uye huta hurongwa. Zvinosanganisira cocaine uye amphetamines, senge mishonga inoshandiswa kurapa ADHD (methylphenidate, kana Ritalin). Munhu anogona kutanga kuda huwandu hwakawanda hwemishonga iyi nekufamba kwenguva kuti anzwe zvakafanana.
• Kushungurudzika kunokonzera kukotsira uye kudzikamisa kushushikana. Zvinosanganisira doro, barbiturates, benzodiazepines (Valium, Ativan, Xanax), chloral hydrate, uye paraldehyde. Kushandisa zvinhu izvi kunogona kukonzera kupindwa muropa.
• LSD, mescaline, psilocybin ("howa"), uye phencyclidine (PCP, kana "guruva revatumwa") zvinogona kukonzera munhu kuona zvinhu zvisipo (fungidziro) uye zvinogona kutungamira kupfungwa kupindwa muropa.
• Marijuana (cannabis, kana hashish).

Kune nhanho dzinoverengeka dzekushandisa zvinodhaka dzinogona kukonzeresa kupindwa muropa. Vechidiki vanoita kunge vanokurumidza kupfuura nematanho kupfuura zvinoita vanhu vakuru. Matanho ndeaya:

• Kushandisa kwekuyedza - Kazhinji zvinosanganisira vezera, vanoitirwa kushandiswa kwekuvaraidza; mushandisi anogona kunakidzwa nekuzvidza vabereki kana vamwe vane masimba.
• Kugara uchishandisa - Mushandisi anosuwa zvakanyanya uye zvakanyanya chikoro kana basa; kunetseka nezvekurasikirwa nechinodhaka chemushonga; inoshandisa zvinodhaka "kugadzirisa" manzwiro asina kunaka; anotanga kugara kure neshamwari uye nemhuri; inogona kuchinja shamwari kune avo vanogara vachishandisa; inoratidza kuwedzera kushivirira uye kugona "kubata" mushonga.
• Dambudziko kana kushandiswa kune njodzi - Mushandisi anorasikirwa nechinangwa. haana hanya nechikoro nebasa; ine maitiro akajeka shanduko; kufunga nezvekushandisa zvinodhaka kwakakosha kupfuura zvimwe zvese zvinofarira, kusanganisira hukama; mushandisi anova akavanda; inogona kutanga kutengesa zvinodhaka kubatsira kutsigira tsika; kushandiswa kwemamwe, zvinodhaka zvakaoma zvinogona kuwedzera; matambudziko emutemo anogona kuwedzera.
• Kupindwa muropa - Haugone kutarisana nehupenyu hwezuva nezuva pasina zvinodhaka; anoramba dambudziko; hutano hwepanyama hunowedzera; kurasikirwa kwe "kutonga" pamusoro pekushandisa; inogona kuzviuraya; matambudziko emari uye emutemo anotonyanya kuoma; anogona kunge akaputsa hukama nevemumhuri kana shamwari.

Zviratidzo uye maitiro ekushandisa zvinodhaka zvinogona kusanganisira:

• Kuvhiringidzika
• Kuenderera mberi nekushandisa zvinodhaka, kunyangwe kana hutano, basa, kana mhuri iri kukuvadzwa
• Zvikamu zvechisimba
• Ruvengo paunotarisana nezve kuvimba nezvinodhaka
• Kusava nekutonga pamusoro pekushandisa zvinodhaka, kusakwanisa kumisa kana kudzikisira kunwa doro
• Kuita zvikonzero zvekushandisa zvinodhaka
• Kushaya basa kana chikoro, kana kudzikira kwekuita
• Chinodiwa chezuva nezuva kana chenguva dzose kushandisa zvinodhaka kuti zviite
• Kuregeredza kudya
• Asina hanya nechitarisiko chemuviri
• Asisiri kutora chikamu mumabasa nekuda kwekushandisa zvinodhaka
• Kuita zvakavanzika kuviga kushandisa zvinodhaka
• Kushandisa zvinodhaka kunyangwe uri wega

Miedzo yemishonga (toxicology skrini) paropa uye weti sampuli zvinogona kuratidza makemikari mazhinji nemishonga mumuviri. Kuti muyedzo unonetsa sei kunoenderana nemushonga pachawo, apo mushonga wacho wakatorwa, uye rabhoritari yekuyedza. Kuongororwa kweropa kunowanzo kuwana mushonga pane weti bvunzo, asi weti zvinodhaka zvigadzirwa zvinoitwa kazhinji.

Dambudziko rekushandisa zvinodhaka chinhu chakakomba uye hachisi nyore kurapa. Kuchengetwa kwakanyanya uye kurapwa kunosanganisira nyanzvi dzakadzidziswa.

Kurapa kunotanga nekuziva dambudziko. Kunyangwe kuramba chiri chiratidzo chakakurumbira chekupindwa muropa, vanhu vakapindwa muropa vane kuramba kushoma kana vakabatwa netsitsi nerukudzo, pane kuudzwa zvekuita kana kusangana navo.

Chinhu chacho chinogona kubviswa zvishoma nezvishoma kana kumira nekukasira. Tsigiro yezviratidzo zvemuviri nezvepfungwa, pamwe nekugara pasina zvinodhaka (kurega) zvakare yakakosha pakurapa.

• Vanhu vane zvinodhaka zvinodhaka vangangoda kurapwa nechimbichimbi muchipatara. Iyo chaiyo kurapwa kunoenderana nemushonga unoshandiswa.
• Detoxification (detox) ndiko kubviswa kwechinhu pakarepo munzvimbo ine rutsigiro rwakanaka. Detoxification inogona kuitwa pane inpatient kana outpatient hwaro.
• Dzimwe nguva, mumwe mushonga une chiito chakafanana kana mitezo pamuviri unotorwa, sezvo muyero uchidzikira zvishoma nezvishoma kudzikisa mhedzisiro uye njodzi dzekurega. Semuenzaniso, kune zvinodhaka, methadone kana zvimwe zvinodhaka zvinogona kushandiswa kudzivirira kubvisa uye kuenderera kushandiswa.

Dzimba dzekugara dzekurapa dzinoongorora uye kugadzirisa zvinogona kubuda zviratidzo uye maitiro. Aya mapurogiramu anoshandisa matekiniki ekuti vashandisi vazive maitiro avo uye vadzidze kusadzokera kumashure pakushandisa (kudzokazve).

Kana munhu wacho zvakare aine kushushikana kana chimwe chirwere chehutano hwepfungwa, chinofanirwa kurapwa. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, munhu anotanga kushandisa zvinodhaka kuyedza kuzvirapa kurwara nepfungwa.

Mapoka mazhinji ekutsigira anowanikwa munharaunda. Zvinosanganisira:

• Narcotic Anonymous (NA) - www.na.org/
• Alateen - al-anon.org/for-members/group-resource/alateen/
• Al-Anon - al-anon.org/

Mazhinji emapoka aya anotevera chirongwa cheNhanho-nhanhatu chinoshandiswa muAlcoholics Anonymous (AA) www.aa.org/.

SMART Kudzoreredza www.smartrecovery.org/ uye Hupenyu Ring Rinodzokororazve www.lifering.org/ zvirongwa zvisingashandise nzira nhanhatu. Unogona kuwana mamwe mapoka ekutsigira paInternet.

Kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka kunogona kutungamira mukufa ovhadhozi. Vamwe vanhu vanotanga kutora izvo zvinhu zvakare (kudzokazve) mushure mekunge vamira.

Matambudziko ekushandisa zvinhu anosanganisira:

• Kushungurudzika
• Gomarara, semuenzaniso, gomarara remukanwa uye remudumbu zvakabatana nekunwisa doro uye kuvimba
• Kubatwa neHIV, kana hepatitis B kana C kuburikidza nesero dzakagovaniswa
• Kupererwa nebasa
• Zvinetso nekurangarira uye kuisa pfungwa, semuenzaniso, kushandisa hallucinogen, kusanganisira mbanje (THC)
• Matambudziko nemutemo
• Ukama kurambana
• Kuita bonde zvisina njodzi, uko kunogona kukonzera kubata pamuviri pasingadiwe, hosha dzinopfuudzwa pabonde, HIV, kana hutachiona hwehutachiona

Shevedza musangano kuti ubonane nemupi wako wezvehutano kana iwe kana nhengo yemhuri muchishandisa chinhu uye muchida kumira. Zvakare fona kana iwe wakatemwa kubva kune yako yekushandisa zvinodhaka uye uri panjodzi yekubvisa. Vazhinji vashandirwi vanopa masevhisi ekuendesa kune avo vashandi vane matambudziko ekushandisa zvinhu.

Zvirongwa zvekudzidzisa zvinodhaka zvinogona kubatsira. Vabereki vanogona kukurudzira vana vavo nekuvadzidzisa nezvekukuvara kwekushandisa zvinhu.

Kushandisa zvinodhaka; Chemical kushandisa; Kushungurudzwa kwemakemikari; Kupindwa muropa nezvinodhaka; Kupindwa muropa - zvinodhaka; Kuvimba nezvinodhaka; Kushandisa zvinodhaka zvisiri pamutemo; Kushandisa zvinodhaka; Hallucinogen shandisa

• Kushungurudzika uye varume

American Psychiatric Association webhusaiti. Zvinetso zvine chekuita nezvechinhu uye kupindwa muropa nezvinodhaka. Mune: American Psychiatric Association. Kuongorora uye Statistical Manual yeMental Dambudziko. 5 ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Kuburitsa. 2013: 481-590.

Breuner CC. Kushandisa zvinodhaka. Mune: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Chinyorwa chePediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: chitsuwa 140.

Kowalchuk A, Reed BC. Zvinetso zvekushandisa zvinodhaka. Mune: Rakel RE, Rakel DP, eds. Chinyorwa cheMhuri Mishonga. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016: chitsiko 50.

National Institute yeDrug Abuse webhusaiti. Zvinodhaka, uropi, uye hunhu: sainzi yekupindwa muropa. Sayenzi yakachinja sei kunzwisiswa kwekushandisa zvinodhaka. www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugs-brains-behavior-science-addiction/preface. Yakagadziridzwa Chikunguru 2020. Yakasvika Gumiguru 13, 2020.

Weiss RD. Zvinodhaka zvekushungurudzwa. Mune: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Mushonga. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: chits. 31.