Tetrachromacy ('Super Vono')

Zvemukati

• Tetrachromacy vs. trichromacy
• Zvinokonzera tetrachromacy
• Miedzo yakashandiswa kuongorora tetrachromacy
• Tetrachromacy munhau

Chii chinonzi tetrachromacy?

Wakambonzwa nezve matanda nemakoni kubva kukirasi yesainzi kana chiremba weziso rako? Izvo zvinhu zviri mumeso ako zvinokubatsira iwe kuona mwenje uye mavara. Ivo vari mukati meiyo retina. Icho chidimbu chetishu dzakatetepa kuseri kweziso reziso rako padhuze nemutsipa wako wemaziso.

Matanda nemakoni zvakakosha kuti uone. Matanda anonzwisisa kune mwenje uye akakosha pakubvumidza iwe kuti uone murima. Makoni ane basa rekukubvumidza iwe kuti uone mavara.

Vanhu vazhinji, pamwe nedzimwe nyama dzakaita semakorira, maorangutan, uye chimpanzi uye kunyangwe vamwe, vanongoona ruvara kuburikidza nemhando nhatu dzakasiyana dzekoni. Aya mavara ekuona maitiro anozivikanwa se trichromacy ("matatu mavara").

Asi humwe humbowo huripo hwekuti kune vanhu vane mana akasiyana mavara ekuona nzira. Izvi zvinozivikanwa se tetrachromacy.

Tetrachromacy inofungidzirwa kuve isingawanzo pakati pevanhu. Kutsvagurudza kunoratidza kuti zvinowanzoitika kune vakadzi kupfuura varume. Chidzidzo che2010 chinoratidza kuti vangangoita gumi nevaviri muzana yevakadzi vanogona kuve neiyi yechina ruvara rwekuona chiteshi.

Varume havaite kunge tetrachromats. Varume vanowanzoita kunge vara bofu kana vasingakwanise kuona mazhinji mavara sevakadzi. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekugara nhaka zvisina kujairika mumakoni avo.

Ngatidzidzei zvakawanda nezvekuti tetrachromacy inokwikwidza sei kupokana neyakajairwa trichromatic chiratidzo, chii chinokonzeresa tetrachromacy, uye kuti ungawana sei kana iwe unayo.

Tetrachromacy vs. trichromacy

Munhu chaiye ane mhando nhatu dzekoni padhuze neretina dzinokutendera kuti uone mavara akasiyana siyana pane chakatarisana:

• pfupi-wave (S) makoni: inonamira kumavara ane mapfupi emarefu, senge epepuru nebhuruu
• yepakati-wave (M) makoni: inonamira kune mavara ane epakati wavelengths, senge yero uye girini
• marefu-wave (L) makoni: inonamira kumavara ane marefu marefu ehurefu, senge tsvuku uye orenji

Izvi zvinozivikanwa senge dzidziso ye trichromacy. Photopigments mune aya matatu marudzi emakoni anokupa iwe kugona kwako kuona izere rakazara ruvara.

Photopigments inogadzirwa neprotein inonzi opsin uye molekemu inoenderana nechiedza. Morekuru iri rinozivikanwa se11-cis retinal. Mhando dzakasiyana dze photopigments dzinobata kune mamwe mavara wavelengths ayo ivo vanoziva. Izvi zvinoguma mukukwanisa kwako kuona iwo mavara.

Tetrachromats ine yechina mhando yekoni ine Photopigment iyo inobvumidza kuona kwemamwe mavara ayo asiri pane anowanzoonekwa masystem. Iyo spectrum inozivikanwa zviri nani saROY G. BIV (Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Inindigo, uye Violet).

Kuvapo kweiyi yekuwedzera photopigment kunogona kubvumidza tetrachromat kuti ione zvakadzama kana zvakasiyana mukati mechiratidzo chinoonekwa. Iyi inonzi dzidziso yetetrachromacy.

Kunyange trichromats ichigona kuona anenge mamirioni 1 mavara, maetrakromat anogona kukwanisa kuona anoshamisa mamirioni zana mavara, sekureva kwaJay Neitz, PhD, ophthalmology purofesa paUniversity yeWashington, uyo akadzidza kuratidzwa kwemavara zvakanyanya.

Zvinokonzera tetrachromacy

Heano maitiro ekuona kwako kwemavara anowanzo shanda:

1. Iyo retina inotora muchiedza kubva kumudzidzi wako. Uku ndiko kuvhura kumberi kweziso rako.
2. Chiedza uye ruvara kufamba kuburikidza nelenzi yeziso rako uye wova chikamu chemufananidzo wakatarisana.
3. Cones inoshandura mwenje neruvara ruzivo muzviratidzo zvitatu zvakasiyana: tsvuku, girini, uye bhuruu.
4. Aya matatu marudzi ezviratidzo anotumirwa kuuropi uye anogadziriswa mukuziva kwepfungwa kwezvauri kuona.

Munhu chaiye ane mhando nhatu dzakasiyana dzekoni dzinopatsanura ruzivo rwemuvara unoonekwa kuita zviratidzo zvemavara matsvuku, girini uye nebhuruu. Aya masign anokwanisa kubva abatanidzwa muuropi kuita yakazara yekuona meseji.

Tetrachromats ine imwe yekuwedzera mhando yekoni inoitendera kuti ione hutanhatu hwechina hwemavara. Izvo zvinokonzerwa nekuchinja kwemajini. Uye zvirokwazvo pane chikonzero chakanaka chemajini nei maetrakromat ari mukana wakanyanya kuva vakadzi. Iko tetrachromacy mutation inongopfuura kuburikidza neX chromosome.

Vakadzi vanowana maviri X chromosomes, imwe kubva kuna amai vavo (XX) uye imwe kubva kuna baba vavo (XY). Ivo vane mukana wekugara nhaka yekudikanwa kwemagene kubva kumaX chromosomes. Varume vanowana chete X chromosome. Shanduko yavo inowanzo kukonzera kusanzwisisika trichromacy kana kupofara kwemavara. Izvi zvinoreva kuti chero maM kana maL maconi avo havaoni iwo chaiwo mavara.

Amai kana mwanasikana wemumwe munhu ane anomalous trichromacy anogona kunge ari tetrachromat. Imwe yeiyo X chromosomes inogona kutakura zvakajairwa M uye L magene. Imwe yacho inogona kutakura akajairwa maL mageneti pamwe nekuchinjika L gene rakapfuura nepababa kana mwanakomana ane anomalous trichromacy.

Imwe yeaya maX chromosomes inozopedzisira yagadziriswa kuvandudzwa kwemaseru emakoni muiyo retina. Izvi zvinokonzeresa kuti retina itange mhando ina yemakoni maseru nekuda kwemhando dzakasiyana dzeX majini akapfuudzwa kubva kuna mai nababa.

Dzimwe mhando, kusanganisira vanhu, hadzidi tetrachromacy yechinangwa chekushanduka. Vanenge vatorasikirwa nekugona zvachose. Mune mamwe marudzi, tetrachromacy ndeye zvese nezve kupona.

Mhando shiri shiri, senge iyo, inoda tetrachromacy kutsvaga chikafu kana kusarudza wekuroora. Uye hukama hwehukama hwehukama pakati pezvimwe zvipembenene nemaruva zvakakonzera kuti mbesa dzikure. Izvi, zvakare, zvakakonzera zvipembenene kushanduka kuti zvione aya mavara. Nenzira iyo, ivo vanonyatso ziva izvo zvirimwa zvekusarudzira pollination.

Miedzo yakashandiswa kuongorora tetrachromacy

Zvinogona kunge zvichinetsa kuziva kana iwe uri tetrachromat kana usati wamboedzwa. Unogona kungotora kugona kwako kuona mamwe mavara akarerutswa nekuti hauna imwe nzira yekuona yekuenzanisa yako nayo.

Nzira yekutanga yekuziva mamiriro ako ndeyekuongorora majini. Iyo yakazara yakazara yeiyo yako genome genome inogona kuwana shanduko pane ako majini ayo anogona kunge akave akaunza kune ako mana makoni. Chiyero chevabereki vako chinogona zvakare kuwana magene akachinjika akapfuudzwa kwauri.

Asi iwe unoziva sei kana iwe uchikwanisa chaizvo kusiyanisa mamwe mavara kubva kune iro rekuwedzera koni?

Ndipo panotsvagirwa tsvakiridzo. Pane nzira dzinoverengeka dzaunogona kuziva kana iwe uri tetrachromat.

Muvara unoenderana bvunzo ndiyo yakanyanya kukosha bvunzo yetetrachromacy. Zvinoenda seizvi mune mamiriro echidzidzo chekutsvaga:

1. Vanotsvagurudza vanopa vatori vechikamu seti yemasanganiswa maviri emavara anozotaridzika akafanana kune trichromats asi akasiyana nematetrachromats.
2. Vatori vechikamu vanoyera kubva pa1 kusvika pagumi kuti minyatso iyi yakafanana zvakadii.
3. Vatori vechikamu vanopihwa maseti akafanana emisanganiswa yemavara pane imwe nguva, vasina kuudzwa kuti iwo akafanana mubatanidzwa, kuti vaone kana mhinduro dzavo dzichichinja kana kuramba dzakangofanana.

Chokwadi tetrachromats inoyera aya mavara nenzira imwechete nguva dzese, zvichireva kuti iwo anogona kunyatso kusiyanisa pakati pemavara anoratidzwa mune maviri maviri.

Trichromats inogona kuyera iwo akafanana mavara akasanganiswa zvakasiyana panguva dzakasiyana, zvichireva kuti ivo vari kungosarudza zvisina kujairika manhamba.

Ziva kuti chero bvunzo dzepamhepo dzinoti dzinokwanisa kuona tetrachromacy dzinofanirwa kuswededzwa nekusahadzika kwakanyanya. Sekureva kwevaongorori veYunivhesiti yeNewcastle, izvo zvikanganiso zvekuratidzira ruvara pamakomputa skrini zvinoita kuti kuyedzwa kwepamhepo kusakwanise

Tetrachromacy munhau

Tetrachromats hazviwanzo, asi dzimwe nguva zvinogadzira masaisai makuru enhau.

Chidzidzo mu2010 Journal yeVision kudzidza, inozivikanwa chete se cDa29, yaive neakakwana tetrachromatic chiratidzo. Haana kuita zvikanganiso muyero yake inoenderana nemiedzo, uye mhinduro dzake dzakakurumidza kukurumidza.

Ndiye munhu wekutanga kuratidzwa nesainzi kuti ave netetrachromacy. Nyaya yake yakazotorwa nezvakawanda zvinoburitswa nesainzi, senge Discover magazini.

Muna 2014, muimbi uye tetrachromat Concetta Antico akagovana hunyanzvi hwake uye zvaakaona neBritish Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). Mumashoko ake ega, tetrachromacy inomutendera kuti aone, semuenzaniso, "kusviba grey… [se] orenji, yellows, magirini, bhuruu, nepingi."

Nepo mikana yako wega yekuve tetrachromat inogona kunge iri diki, idzi nyaya dzinoratidza kuti kushomeka uku kunoramba kuchinakidza sei isu isu vane mwero matatu-koni chiratidzo.