Gwara Rakazara reHIV neAIDS

Zvemukati

• Chii chinonzi HIV?
• Chii chinonzi AIDS?
• HIV neAIDS: Ndeupi mubatanidzwa?
• Kupfuudzwa kweHIV: Ziva chokwadi
• Zvinokonzera HIV
• Zvinokonzera AIDS
• Ndeapi mabvunzo anoshandiswa kuongorora hutachiona?
• Antibody / antigen bvunzo
• Antibody bvunzo
• Nucleic acid bvunzo (NAT)
• Ndeipi nguva yehutachiona hweHIV?
• Zviratidzo zvekutanga zveHIV
• Ndezvipi zviratidzo zveHIV?
• Kumhanyisa chiratidzo cheHIV here?
• Rash yakabatana neHIV
• Rash inoenderana nemishonga
• Zviratidzo zveHIV muvarume: Pane musiyano here?
• Zviratidzo zveHIV mumadzimai: Pane musiyano here?
• Ndezvipi zviratidzo zveAIDS?
• Kurapa nzira dzeHIV
• Mishonga yeHIV
• Zvirongwa zvekurapa
• Side mhedzisiro uye mutengo
• Kudzivirira HIV
• Bonde rakachengeteka
• Dzimwe nzira dzekudzivirira
• Kurarama neHIV: Chii chaungatarisira uye matipi ekurwisa
• Tarisiro yehupenyu hweHIV: Ziva chokwadi
• Pane mushonga wekudzivirira Mukondombera here?
• Nhamba dzeHIV

Isu tinosanganisira zvigadzirwa zvatinofunga zvinobatsira kuvaverengi vedu. Kana iwe ukatenga kuburikidza nehukama pane ino peji, isu tinogona kuwana diki komisheni. Heano maitiro edu.

Chii chinonzi HIV?

HIV hutachiona hunokuvadza immune system. Mukana usina kurapwa HIV unokanganisa nekuuraya masero eCD4, anova ndiwo rudzi rwemasero ekudzivirira chirwere anonzi T cell.

Nekufamba kwenguva, sezvo HIV inouraya mamwe maCD4 masero, muviri unokwanisa kuwana mhando dzakasiyana dzemamiriro nemakenza.

HIV inoparadzirwa kuburikidza nemvura dzemumuviri dzinosanganisira:

• ropa
• urume
• vaginal uye rectal zvinwiwa
• mukaka wemukaka

Hutachiona hahuendeswe mumhepo kana mumvura, kana kuburikidza nekubatana kwese.

Nekuti HIV inozvipinza muDNA yemasero, mamiriro ehupenyu hwese uye parizvino hapana mushonga unobvisa hutachiona hweHIV mumuviri, kunyangwe masayendisiti mazhinji ari kushanda kuti awane imwe.

Zvisinei, pamwe nekurapwa, kusanganisira kurapwa kunonzi antiretroviral therapy, zvinokwanisika kubata HIV uye kurarama nehutachiona kwemakore mazhinji.

Pasina kurapwa, munhu ane hutachiwana hweHIV anogona kuzoita chirwere chakakomba chinonzi Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, inozivikanwa seAIDS.

Panguva iyoyo, immune system haina kusimba kuti ibudirire kupindura kupokana nezvimwe zvirwere, hutachiona, uye mamiriro.

Isina kurapwa, tarisiro yehupenyu neagumo nhanho AIDS yave. Nemishonga yeantiretroviral, HIV inogona kutarisirwa zvakanaka, uye tarisiro yehupenyu inogona kunge yakafanana nemunhu asina kubatira HIV.

Inofungidzirwa kuti 1,2 miriyoni vekuAmerica parizvino vari kurarama neHIV. Pavanhu ivavo, mumwe chete pavanomwe haazive kuti ane hutachiona.

HIV inogona kukonzera shanduko mumuviri wese.

Dzidza nezve zvinoitika zveHIV pane akasiyana masisitimu mumuviri.

Chii chinonzi AIDS?

AIDS chirwere chinogona kukura muvanhu vane HIV. Ndiro danho repamusoro soro reHIV. Asi nekuda kwekuti munhu ane Mukondombera hazvireve kuti AIDS ichakura.

HIV inouraya masero eCD4. Vakuru vane hutano vanowanzo kuve neCD4 kuverenga mazana mashanu kusvika chiuru nemazana matanhatu pa cubic millimeter. Munhu ane HIV ane CD4 count yake inowira pasi pemazana maviri pa cubic millimeter anoonekwa aine AIDS.

Munhu anogona zvakare kuongororwa kuti ane AIDS kana aine hutachiona uye otanga mukana mukana kana gomarara izvo zvisingawanzoitika kune vanhu vasina HIV.

Chirwere chinotora mukana chakadai Pneumocystis jiroveci chibayo ndechimwe chinongowanikwa chete mumunhu ane hutachiona husina kukwana, semunhu ane hutachiona hweHIV hwakawedzera (AIDS).

Pasina kurapwa, HIV inogona kufambira mberi kusvika kuAIDS mukati memakore gumi. Ikozvino hapana mushonga weAIDS, uye pasina kurapwa, tarisiro yehupenyu mushure mekuongororwa ndeye.

Izvi zvinogona kuve zvipfupi kana munhu wacho akatanga chirwere chakanyanya mukana. Zvisinei, kurapwa nemishonga yemaARV kunogona kudzivirira AIDS kutanga.

Kana AIDS ikakura, zvinoreva kuti immune system yakanganiswa zvakanyanya, ndiko kuti, yakaneta kusvika padanho rekusagona kupindura zvinopesana nezvirwere zvakawanda nezvirwere.

Izvi zvinoita kuti munhu anorarama neAIDS ave panjodzi dzehosha dzakasiyana siyana, kusanganisira:

• chirwere chemabayo
• tibhii
• muromo wemuromo, fungal mamiriro mumuromo kana pahuro
• cytomegalovirus (CMV), rudzi rwehutachiona hwehepe
• cryptococcal meningitis, fungal mamiriro muuropi
• toxoplasmosis, mamiriro ehuropi anokonzerwa nehutachiona
• cryptosporidiosis, mamiriro anokonzerwa nehutachiona hutumbu
• kenza, kusanganisira Kaposi sarcoma (KS) uye lymphoma

Hupfupi hutarisiro hwehupenyu hwakabatana neusina kurapwa AIDS haisi mhedzisiro yakanangana neiyo chirwere pachayo. Asi, imhedzisiro yezvirwere uye zvinetswa zvinomuka nekuve ne immune immune inoshayiwa simba neAIDS.

Dzidza zvakawanda nezve zvingangonetsekana zvinogona kubuda kubva kuHIV neAIDS.

HIV neAIDS: Ndeupi mubatanidzwa?

Kuti uve neAIDS, munhu anofanira kunge akabata Mukondombera. Asi kuva neHIV hazvireve hazvo kuti mumwe munhu anozoita AIDS.

Mhosva dzeHIV dzinoenderera mberi kuburikidza nematanho matatu:

• nhanho 1: danho rakakomba, mavhiki ekutanga mashoma mushure mekutapurirana
• nhanho 2: clinical latency, kana chirwere chisingaperi
• nhanho 3: AIDS

Sezvo HIV inoderedza huwandu hwemaCD4, masoja ekudzivirira muviri anopera simba. CD4 count yemunhu mukuru ndeye 500 kusvika 1,500 pa cubic millimeter. Munhu ane count iri pasi pe200 anoonekwa seane AIDS.

Iyo kesi yeHIV inoenderera nekukurumidza sei kuburikidza neyakareba nhanho inosiyana zvakanyanya kubva pamunhu kuenda kumunhu. Pasina kurapwa, inogona kupera kusvika makore gumi isati yaenda kuAIDS. Nokurapwa, inogona kugara nekusingaperi.

Parizvino hapana mushonga weHIV, asi unogona kutarisirwa. Vanhu vane hutachiona hweHIV kazhinji vane hupenyu hwepedyo-hwakajairwa nekurapwa kwekutanga nemushonga wema antiretroviral.

Pamwe chete nemitsetse mimwe cheteyo, pane hunyanzvi hapana mushonga weAIDS parizvino. Zvisinei, kurapwa kunogona kuwedzera CD4 count yemunhu kusvika paanofungidzirwa kuti haasisina AIDS. (Iyi poindi kuverenga mazana maviri kana kupfuura.)

Zvakare, kurapwa kunogona kazhinji kubatsira kubata hutachiona hunokanganisa.

HIV neAIDS zvine hukama, asi hazvisi zvakafanana.

Dzidza zvakawanda nezve mutsauko uripo pakati peHIV neAIDS.

Kupfuudzwa kweHIV: Ziva chokwadi

Chero ani anokwanisa kubatira HIV. Utachiona hunopfuudzwa mumvura dzemumuviri dzinosanganisira:

• ropa
• urume
• vaginal uye rectal zvinwiwa
• mukaka wemukaka

Dzimwe nzira dzinotapurirana hutachiwana kubva kumunhu kuenda pamunhu dzinosanganisira:

• kuburikidza nemukadzi kana kusangana pabonde - nzira yakajairika yekutapurirana
• nekugovana tsono, majekiseni, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvekushandisa jekiseni zvinodhaka
• nekugovana matattoo michina pasina kuichenesa pakati pekushandisa
• panguva yepamuviri, kusununguka, kana kusununguka kubva kumunhu ane pamuviri kuenda kumwana wake
• panguva yekuyamwisa
• kuburikidza "kusati kwaenda," kana kutsenga chikafu chemucheche usati wazvipa kwavari
• kuburikidza nekuratidzwa muropa, urume, kusangana nekutsi kwemukadzi uye rectal mvura, uye mukaka wemuzamu wemunhu anorarama neutachiona hweHIV, senge kuburikidza netsono tsvimbo

Hutachiona uhwu hunogona kutapuriranwa kuburikidza nekuwedzerwa ropa kana nhengo uye kuisirwa tishu. Nekudaro, kuyedzwa kwakasimba kweHIV pakati peropa, nhengo, uye vanopa tishu kunovimbisa kuti izvi hazviwanzo muUnited States.

Zviri fungidziro zvinogoneka, asi zvinofungidzirwa zvakanyanya kushomeka, kuti HIV iparadzirwe kuburikidza:

• muromo wepabonde (chete kana paine maronda anobuda ropa kana maronda akavhurika mumuromo wemunhu)
• kurumwa nemunhu ane hutachiwana hweHIV (chete kana mate ane ropa kana paine maronda akavhurika mumuromo memunhu)
• kusangana pakati peganda rakatyoka, maronda, kana mucous membranes uye ropa remunhu anorarama neHIV

Mukondombera hautapurire kuburikidza:

• ganda-kune-ganda kusangana
• kumbundirana, kukwazisana, kana kutsvodana
• mweya kana mvura
• kugovana chikafu kana zvinwiwa, kusanganisira matsime ekunwa
• mate, misodzi, kana ziya (kunze kwekunge zvakasanganiswa neropa remunhu ane HIV)
• kugoverana chimbuzi, matauro, kana mubhedha
• umhutu kana zvimwe zvipembenene

Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti kana munhu anorarama neutachiona hweHIV achirapwa uye aine hutachiona husingawanzoonekwi, hazviite kutapurira hutachiona kune mumwe munhu.

Dzidza zvakawanda nezve kutapurirana kweHIV.

Zvinokonzera HIV

HIV mutsauko wehutachiona hunogona kutapurirwa kumaAfrican chimpanzi. Masayendisiti anofungidzira kuti simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) yakasvetuka kubva kumachimps ichienda kuvanhu apo vanhu vakadya chimpanzi nyama ine hutachiona.

Kamwe mukati mehuwandu hwevanhu, hutachiona hwakachinjika mune zvatinoziva manje seHIV. Izvi zvinogona kunge zvakaitika kare senge ma1920s.

HIV inopararira kubva kumunhu kuenda kumunhu mu Africa yose mukati memakumi emakore. Pakupedzisira, hutachiona hwakatamira kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika. Masayendisiti akatanga kuwana HIV muchiropa chemunhu muna 1959.

Inofungidzirwa kuti HIV yave iripo muUnited States kubva kuma1970, asi haina kutanga kurova veruzhinji kusvika kuma1980.

Dzidza zvakawanda nezve nhoroondo yeHIV neAIDS muUnited States.

Zvinokonzera AIDS

AIDS inokonzerwa neHIV. Munhu haakwanise kubatira AIDS kana asina kubatira HIV.

Vanhu vakagwinya vane CD4 kuverenga mazana mashanu kusvika chiuru nemazana mashanu pawekirogiramu. Pasina kurapwa, HIV inoramba ichiwanda nekuparadza CD4 masero. Kana CD4 count yemunhu ikawira pasi pemazana maviri, vane AIDS.

Zvakare, kana mumwe munhu ane hutachiona hweHIV akatanga hutachiona hunowanikwa hwakabatana neHIV, anokwanisa kuongororwa kuti aneAIDS, kunyangwe CD4 count yake iri pamusoro pe200.

Ndeapi mabvunzo anoshandiswa kuongorora hutachiona?

Ongororo dzinoverengeka dzakasiyana dzinogona kushandiswa kuongorora hutachiwana hweHIV. Vanopa hutano vanoona kuti bvunzo ipi yakanakira munhu wega wega.

Antibody / antigen bvunzo

Antibody / antigen bvunzo ndiyo inowanzo shandiswa bvunzo. Vanogona kuratidza mhedzisiro inowanzoitika mukati mushure mekunge mumwe munhu atanga kubatira HIV.

Iyi bvunzo inotarisa ropa kune maantibhakitiriya nemaantigen. Masoja ekudzivirira chirwere rudzi rweprotein inogadzirwa nemuviri kupindura hutachiona. Iyo antigen, kune rimwe divi, chikamu chehutachiona chinoita kuti immune system ishandiswe.

Antibody bvunzo

Iyi bvunzo inotarisa ropa chete kune maantibhakitiriya. Pakati pekutapurika, vanhu vazhinji vanozovaka masoja ekudzivirira Mukondombera, anowanikwa muropa kana mate.

Iyi bvunzo inoitwa uchishandisa kuongororwa kweropa kana muromo swabs, uye hapana gadziriro inodiwa. Mimwe bvunzo inopa mhedzisiro mumaminitsi makumi matatu kana mashoma uye inogona kuitwa muhofisi yemupi wezvehutano kana kiriniki.

Mimwe bvunzo dzeanorwisa masoja inogona kuitwa kumba:

• OraQuick HIV Bvunzo. Yemuromo swab inopa mhedzisiro mune mashoma semaminetsi makumi maviri.
• Kuwana Kumba HIV-1 Bvunzo System. Mushure mekunge munhu abaya chigunwe, vanotumira muyero weropa kune rabhoritari ine rezinesi. Ivo vanogona kuramba vasingazivikanwe uye voshevedze mhedzisiro zuva rinotevera rebhizinesi.

Kana mumwe munhu achifungidzira kuti akabatwa nehutachiwana hweHIV asi akanzi haana muedzo wekumba, anofanirwa kudzokorora bvunzo mumwedzi mitatu. Kana vakave nemhedzisiro yakanaka, vanofanirwa kuteedzera pamwe nemupi wavo wezvehutano kuti asimbise.

Nucleic acid bvunzo (NAT)

Iyi bvunzo inodhura haina kushandiswa pakuongorora kwakawanda. Ndezvevanhu vane zviratidzo zvekutanga zveHIV kana vane inozivikanwa ngozi. Muedzo uyu hautsvage ma antibodies; inotsvaga hutachiona pachahwo.

Zvinotora kubva pamazuva mashanu kusvika kumakumi maviri nemaviri kuti HIV igoonekwa muropa. Muedzo uyu unowanzo kuperekedzwa kana kusimbiswa nemuyedzo weantibody.

Nhasi, zvave nyore kupfuura nakare kti kuongororwa HIV.

Dzidza zvakawanda nezve sarudzo dzekuongororwa dzimba dzeHIV.

Ndeipi nguva yehutachiona hweHIV?

Kana munhu angobata Mukondombera, inotanga kubereka mumuviri wake. Ma immune system emunhu anopindura maantigen (zvikamu zvehutachiona) nekugadzira masoja ekudzivirira (maseru anotora matanho ekurwisa hutachiona).

Iyo nguva iri pakati pekutapukirwa neHIV uye painozoonekwa muropa inonzi nguva yeHIV hwindo. Vanhu vazhinji vanogadzira masoja ekudzivirira Mukondombera mukati memazuva makumi maviri nemaviri kana makumi mapfumbamwe mushure mekuparadzirwa.

Kana munhu akaita ongororo yeHIV munguva yepawindow, zvingangodaro kuti vanogashira mhedzisiro. Zvisinei, vanogona kuendesa hutachiona kune vamwe panguva ino.

Kana mumwe munhu achifunga kuti angave akave nehutachiwana hweHIV asi akaongororwa asina nguva iyi, anofanirwa kudzokorora bvunzo mumwedzi mishoma kuti asimbise (iyo nguva inoenderana nemuyedzo wakashandiswa). Uye panguva iyoyo, vanofanirwa kushandisa makondomu kana dzimwe nzira dzekudzivirira kudzivirira kupararira kweHIV.

Mumwe munhu anoedza zvisina kunaka panguva yehwindo anogona kubatsirwa kubva post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Uyu ndiwo mushonga wakatorwa mushure mukana wekudzivirira kubatira HIV.

PEP inoda kutorwa nekukurumidza sezvinobvira mushure mekuratidzwa; haifanirwe kutorwa pashure kwemaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri mushure mekuratidzwa asi zvisati zvaitika nguva iyoyo.

Imwe nzira yekudzivirira kuwana Mukondombera pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Musanganiswa wemishonga yeHIV inotorwa usati waonekwa neHIV, PrEP inogona kudzikisa njodzi yekutapurirana kana kutapurira HIV kana ikatorwa nguva dzose.

Kuchengeta nguva kwakakosha pakuvhenekwa Mukondombera.

Dzidza zvakawanda nezvekuti nguva inobata sei mhinduro dzekuongororwa kweHIV.

Zviratidzo zvekutanga zveHIV

Mavhiki ekutanga mushure mekunge mumwe munhu abata HIV inonzi danho rekutapukira.

Munguva ino, hutachiona hunobereka nekukurumidza. Ma immune system emunhu anopindura nekugadzira masoja ekudzivirira Mukondombera, ari mapuroteni anotora matanho ekupindura kubva kuhutachiona.

Pakati peiyi nhanho, vamwe vanhu havana zviratidzo pakutanga. Zvisinei, vanhu vazhinji vanoona zviratidzo mumwedzi wekutanga kana zvakadaro mushure mekutapukirwa nehutachiona, asi havawanzo kuziva kuti HIV inokonzeresa izvo zviratidzo.

Izvi zvinodaro nekuti zviratidzo zveiyo nhanho yakaoma zvinogona kunge zvakafanana neaya echirwere kana mamwe mavhairasi emwaka, akadai se:

• vangave vanyoro kusvika kune zvakanyanya
• vanogona kuuya voenda
• dzinogona kugara chero kubva pamazuva mashoma kusvika kumavhiki akati wandei

Zviratidzo zvekutanga zveHIV zvinogona kusanganisira:

• kupindwa nechando
• chills
• kuzvimba lymph nodes
• Kazhinji kurwadziwa uye kurwadziwa
• kuputika kweganda
• huro inorwadza
• musoro
• kusvotwa
• kugumbuka mudumbu

Nekuti izvi zviratidzo zvakafanana nezvirwere zvakajairika senge furuwenza, munhu anazvo anogona kunge asingafunge kuti vanofanirwa kuona mupi wezvehutano.

Uye kunyangwe zvikadaro, mupi wezvehutano anogona kufungidzira dzihwa kana mononucleosis uye angatotadza kufunga nezveHIV.

Kunyangwe munhu aine zviratidzo kana kuti kwete, panguva iyi huwandu hwehutachiona hwakanyanya kwazvo. Huwandu hwehutachiona ihwo huwandu hweHIV hunowanikwa muropa.

Hutachiwana hwehutachiwana hunoreva kuti HIV inogona kutapurirwa kune mumwe munhu panguva iyi.

Zviratidzo zvekutanga zveHIV zvinowanzogadzirisa mukati memwedzi mishoma munhu paanopinda muchikamu cheHIV chisingaperi, kana chekurapa. Iyi nhanho inogona kutora makore mazhinji kana kunyangwe makumi emakore nekurapwa.

Zviratidzo zveHIV zvinogona kusiyana kubva pamunhu kusvika pamunhu.

Dzidza zvakawanda nezvezviratidzo zvekutanga zveHIV.

Ndezvipi zviratidzo zveHIV?

Mushure memwedzi wekutanga kana zvakadaro, HIV inopinda muchikamu chekliniki latency. Iyi nhanho inogona kutora kubva kumakore mashoma kusvika makumi mashoma emakore.

Vamwe vanhu havana chero zviratidzo panguva ino, nepo vamwe vangave nezviratidzo zvishoma kana zvisina kujairika. Chiratidzo chisingazivikanwe chiratidzo chisinei nechimwe chirwere kana mamiriro.

Zviratidzo zvisina kunyatsojeka zvinogona kusanganisira:

• kutemwa nemusoro uye mamwe marwadzo nemarwadzo
• kuzvimba lymph nodes
• dzokororo fevha
• husiku hweziya
• kuneta
• kusvotwa
• kurutsa
• manyoka
• kuonda
• kuputika kweganda
• kudzokororwa kwemuromo kana kusangana nekutsi kwemukadzi mbiriso hutachiona
• chirwere chemabayo
• shingles

Sezvakaita nhanho yekutanga, HIV ichiri kutapurika panguva ino kunyangwe pasina zviratidzo uye inogona kutapurirwa kune mumwe munhu.

Zvisinei, munhu haazozivi kuti ane HIV kunze kwekunge aongororwa. Kana mumwe munhu aine zviratidzo izvi uye achifunga kuti anogona kunge akabatwa neHIV, zvakakosha kuti anoongororwa.

Zviratidzo zveHIV panguva ino zvinogona kuuya zvichipera, kana kuti zvinokura nekukurumidza. Uku kufambira mberi kunogona kudzikiswa zvakanyanya nekurapwa.

Nekushandisa kusingagumi kweiyi antiretroviral therapy, isingagumi HIV inogona kugara kwemakumi emakore uye ingangozoita isingazove AIDS, kana kurapwa kukatangwa kare zvakakwana.

Dzidza zvakawanda nezvekuti zviratidzo zveHIV zvinogona kufambira mberi sei nekufamba kwenguva.

Kumhanyisa chiratidzo cheHIV here?

Vanhu vazhinji vaneHIV vanoona shanduko paganda ravo. Rash inowanzo kuve imwe yezviratidzo zvekutanga zvehutachiona hweHIV. Kazhinji, kuputika kweHIV kunoonekwa sezvidiki zvidiki zvidiki zvitsvuku zvakatsetseka uye zvakasimudzwa.

Rash yakabatana neHIV

HIV inoita kuti mumwe munhu atapurike nedambudziko reganda nekuti hutachiona hunoparadza immune system maseru ayo anotora matanho kurwisa hutachiona. Co-hutachiona hunogona kukonzera kukurumidza hunosanganisira:

• molluscum contagiosum
• herpes simplex
• shingles

Chikonzero chekumhanyisa chinotarisa:

• inotaridzika sei
• zvinotora nguva yakareba sei
• kuti ingarapwa sei zvinoenderana nechikonzero

Rash inoenderana nemishonga

Kunyange hazvo kukurumidza kuchikonzerwa nehutachiona hweHIV, zvinogona kukonzerwa nemishonga. Mimwe mishonga inoshandiswa kurapa hutachiwana hweHIV kana mamwe mamiriro anogona kukonzera kukurumidza.

Rudzi urwu rwekupenga kazhinji runoonekwa mukati mevhiki kana mavhiki maviri ekutanga mushonga mutsva. Dzimwe nguva rash inozozviratidza yega. Kana zvikasadaro, shanduko mumishonga inogona kudikanwa.

Rash nekuda kwekusagadzikana nemushonga kunogona kuva kwakakomba.

Zvimwe zviratidzo zvekusagadzikana zvinosanganisira:

• kunetseka kufema kana kumedza
• dzungu
• kupindwa nechando

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) chinhu chisingawanzoitika pahutachiona hweHIV. Zviratidzo zvinosanganisira kupisa muviri uye kuzvimba kwechiso nerurimi. Kuputika kunoputika, uko kunogona kusanganisira ganda uye mucous membranes, kunoonekwa nekupararira nekukurumidza.

Kana yeganda rikakanganiswa, inonzi chepfu epidermal necrolysis, inova mamiriro anotyisidzira hupenyu. Kana izvi zvikaitika, kurapwa kwekukurumidzira kunodiwa.

Nepo kupenga kuchikwanisa kusanganiswa nemishonga yeHIV kana yeHIV, zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti kuputika kunowanzoitika uye kunogona kuva nezvimwe zvikonzero.

Dzidza zvakawanda nezvekuputika kweHIV.

Zviratidzo zveHIV muvarume: Pane musiyano here?

Zviratidzo zveHIV zvinosiyana pamunhu nemunhu, asi zvakafanana muvarume nevakadzi. Zviratidzo izvi zvinogona kuuya nekuenda kana kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma.

Kana munhu akasangana nehutachiwana hweHIV, anogona kunge akasangana nezvimwewo zvirwere zvepabonde. Izvi zvinosanganisira:

• gonorrhea
• chlamydia
• njovhera
• trichomoniasis

Varume, nevaya vane nhengo yemurume, vanogona kuve nemikana yakawanda kupfuura vakadzi yekucherechedza zviratidzo zvezvirwere zvepabonde sezvakaita maronda panhengo yavo yekubereka. Zvisinei, varume kazhinji havatsvaki kurapwa kakawanda sevakadzi.

Dzidza zvakawanda nezve zviratidzo zveHIV muvarume.

Zviratidzo zveHIV mumadzimai: Pane musiyano here?

Kune chikamu chikuru, zviratidzo zveHIV zvakafanana muvarume nevakadzi. Zvisinei, zviratidzo zvavanosangana nazvo zvinogona kusiyana zvichienderana nenjodzi dzakasiyana idzo varume nevakadzi vanotarisana nadzo kana vaine hutachiwana hweHIV.

Varume nevakadzi vaneHIV vari panjodzi yekuwedzera njovhera. Zvisinei, vakadzi, uye avo vane vagina, vanogona kunge vashoma pane varume kuti vaone madiki madiki kana kumwe kuchinjika kumitezo yavo yekubereka.

Mukuwedzera, vakadzi vane HIV vari pangozi yakawanda ye:

• dzokororo kusangana nekutsi kwemukadzi mbiriso zvirwere
• zvimwe hutachiona hwechikadzi, kusanganisira bhakitiriya vaginosis
• pelvic chirwere chinoputira (PID)
• kuenda kumwedzi kuchinja
• human papillomavirus (HPV), iyo inogona kukonzeresa kurwadza kwepabonde uye kutungamira kugomarara remuchibereko

Kunyangwe isina hukama nezviratidzo zveHIV, imwe njodzi kuvakadzi vane HIV ndeyekuti hutachiona hunogona kutapurirwa kumwana panguva yepamuviri. Zvisinei, mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inonzi yakachengeteka panguva yekuzvitakura.

Vakadzi vanorapwa nemishonga yemaantiretroviral vari panjodzi yakaderera yekutapurira HIV kumucheche wavo panguva yekuzvitakura nekuzvara. Kuyamwisa kunokanganiswawo mumadzimai aneHIV. Utachiona hunogona kuendeswa kumwana kuburikidza nemukaka wemukaka.

KuUnited States nekune dzimwe nzvimbo uko fomura ichiwanika uye isina njodzi, zvinokurudzirwa kuti vanhukadzi vane HIV kwete kuyamwisa vana vavo. Kune vakadzi ava, kushandiswa kwemukaka kunokurudzirwa.

Sarudzo kunze kwemafomula dzinosanganisira mukaka wevanhu wakachengetwa mumabhangi.

Kune vanhukadzi vanogona kunge vakasangana neHIV, zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti ndezvipi zviratidzo zvekutarisa.

Dzidza zvakawanda nezve zviratidzo zveHIV mune vakadzi.

Ndezvipi zviratidzo zveAIDS?

Chirwere cheAIDS chinoreva hutachiona hwakawanikwa. Nemamiriro aya, immune system inoshomeka nekuda kwehutachiona hweHIV izvo zvinowanzoenda zvisina kurapwa kwemakore mazhinji.

Kana HIV ikawanikwa ikarapwa nekukasika nemushonga weantiretroviral, munhu kazhinji haazogadzirise AIDS.

Vanhu vane Mukondombera vanogona kuita AIDS kana HIV yavo ikasabatwa kusvika nguva dzaenda kana vachiziva kuti vane HIV asi vasingatore mishonga yavo yemaantiretroviral.

Vanogona zvakare kugadzira AIDS kana vaine mhando yeHIV inopesana (isingapindure) kurapwa kweantiretroviral.

Pasina kurapwa kwakaringana uye kusingachinjiki, vanhu vanorarama neHIV vanogona kutanga AIDS munguva pfupi. Panguva iyoyo, immune system yakanganisika uye ine nguva yakaoma kuunza mhinduro kuhutachiona uye chirwere.

Nekushandisa kweantiretroviral therapy, munhu anokwanisa kuchengetedza chirwere chisingaperi cheHIV pasina kukura AIDS kwemakumi emakore.

Zviratidzo zveAIDS zvinogona kusanganisira:

• kudzokorora fever
• chisingaperi chakazvimba lymph gland, kunyanya emuhapwa, mutsipa, nekugomera
• kuneta kusingaperi
• husiku hweziya
• madonhwe erima pasi peganda kana mukati memuromo, mhuno, kana maziso
• maronda, mavara, kana maronda emukanwa nerurimi, sikarudzi, kana anus
• mapundu, maronda, kana mapundu eganda
• manyoka anodzokororwa kana asingaperi
• kukurumidza kuonda
• matambudziko eurouriki senge dambudziko rekutarisa, kurasikirwa ndangariro, uye kuvhiringidzika
• kufunganya uye kuora mwoyo

Antiretroviral therapy inodzora hutachiona uye kazhinji inodzivirira kufambira mberi kune AIDS. Zvimwe hutachiona uye matambudziko eAIDS anogonawo kurapwa. Iko kurapa kunofanirwa kuenderana nezvido zvemunhu.

Kurapa nzira dzeHIV

Kurapa kunofanira kutanga nekukurumidza sezvinobvira mushure mekuongororwa kweHIV, zvisinei nemutoro wehutachiona.

Mushonga mukuru weHIV mushonga weantiretroviral, musanganiswa wemishonga yezuva nezuva inomisa hutachiona kubereka. Izvi zvinobatsira kuchengetedza masero eCD4, kuchengetedza masoja emuviri akasimba zvakakwana kutora matanho ekudzivirira chirwere.

Mushonga weantiretroviral unobatsira kuchengetedza Mukondombera kubva mukufambira mberi kusvika kuAIDS. Inobatsirawo kudzikisa mukana wekutapurira HIV kune vamwe.

Kana kurapwa kuchishanda, huwandu hwehutachiona huchave "husingaonekwe." Munhu wacho achiri nehutachiwana hweHIV, asi hutachiona hahuoneki mumabvunzo.

Zvisinei, hutachiona huchiri mumuviri. Uye kana munhu iyeye akamira kutora antiretroviral therapy, huwandu hwehutachiona huchawedzera zvakare, uye hutachiwana hunogona zvakare kutanga kurwisa maCD4 masero.

Dzidza zvakawanda nezvekuti marapirwo eHIV anoshanda sei.

Mishonga yeHIV

Mishonga yakawanda yemaARV inobvumidzwa kurapa HIV. Vanoshanda kudzivirira hutachiwana hweHIV kubva mukuzvara nekuparadza CD4 maseru, ayo anobatsira immune system kuburitsa mhinduro kuhutachiona.

Izvi zvinobatsira kudzikisa njodzi yekuva nezvinetso zvine chekuita neHIV, pamwe nekutapurira hutachiona kune vamwe.

Iyi mishonga yemaARV yakaiswa mumapoka matanhatu:

• nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
• isiri-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
• protease inhibitors
• fusion inhibitors
• CCR5 vanopikisa, inozivikanwawo seinopinda inhibitors
• integrase strand transfer inhibitors

Zvirongwa zvekurapa

Dhipatimendi reU.S. reHutano neHuman Services (HHS) rinowanzokurudzira chirongwa chekutanga chemishonga mitatu yeHIV kubva kumakirasi maviri emishonga iyi.

Iko kusanganisa kunobatsira kudzivirira Mukondombera kubva mukuumba kushorwa nemishonga. (Kuramba zvinoreva kuti mushonga hausisiri kushanda kurapa hutachiona.)

Mazhinji emaantiretroviral mishonga anosanganiswa nemamwe kuitira kuti munhu aneHIV anwe anonwa chete kana maviri mapiritsi pazuva.

Anopa hutano anobatsira munhu anehutachiwana kusarudza regimen zvichibva pahutano hwavo nemamiriro avo.

Iyi mishonga inofanirwa kutorwa zuva rega rega, chaizvo sekurairwa. Kana zvisina kutorwa nenzira kwayo, kuramba kwehutachiona kunogona kukura, uye regimen nyowani ingangodiwa.

Kuongororwa ropa kuchabatsira kuona kana regimen iri kushanda kuchengetedza huwandu hwehutachiona pasi uye CD4 kuverenga kumusoro. Kana antiretroviral therapy regimen isiri kushanda, mupi wehutano wemunhu anozovachinjisa kune iro regimen rakasiyana iro rinonyanya kushanda.

Side mhedzisiro uye mutengo

Zvimwe zvinokanganisa zveantiretroviral therapy zvinosiyana uye zvinogona kusanganisira kuda kurutsa, kutemwa nemusoro, uye dzungu. Zviratidzo izvi zvinowanzoitika zvechinguva uye zvinopera nenguva.

Yakakomba mhedzisiro mhedzisiro inogona kusanganisira kuzvimba kwemuromo uye rurimi uye chiropa kana itsvo kukuvara. Kana mhedzisiro yakanyanya, mishonga inogona kugadziridzwa.

Zvinodhura zveantiretroviral therapy zvinosiyana zvinoenderana nenzvimbo uye mhando yeinishuwarenzi yekuvhara. Mamwe makambani emishonga ane zvirongwa zvekubatsira kudzikisa mutengo.

Dzidza zvakawanda nezve mishonga inoshandiswa kurapa HIV.

Kudzivirira HIV

Kunyangwe vaongorori vazhinji vari kushanda kugadzira imwe, parizvino hapana mushonga wekudzivirira kutapurirana kweHIV.Zvisinei, kutora mamwe matanho kunogona kubatsira kudzivirira kutapukirwa kweHIV.

Bonde rakachengeteka

Nzira yakajairika yekutapurirana utachiona hweHIV ndeyekumashure kunobuda nako tsvina kana kusangana nekutsi kwemukadzi pasina kondomu kana imwewo nzira yekudzivirira. Iyi njodzi haigone kubviswa zvachose kunze kwekunge bonde radzivirirwa zvachose, asi njodzi inogona kudzikiswa zvakanyanya nekutora matanho mashoma.

Munhu ane hanya nenjodzi yeHIV anofanira:

• Ongororwai Mukondombera. Zvakakosha kuti vadzidze chimiro chavo uye cheumwe wavo.
• Ongororwa zvimwe zvirwere zvepabonde (STIs). Kana vakaonekwa kuti vane hutachiona mumwe chete, vanofanirwa kurapwa, nekuti kuva neSTI kunowedzera mukana wekutapukirwa neHIV.
• Shandisa makondomu. Vanofanira kudzidza nzira chaiyo yekushandisa makondomu uye nekuishandisa pese pavanosangana pabonde, kunyangwe kuri kusangana nekutsi kwemukadzi kana kwekumashure. Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti pre-seminal fluids (ayo anobuda varume vasati vabuda) anogona kuva neHIV.
• Tora mishonga yavo sekurairwa kana vaine HIV. Izvi zvinoderedza mukana wekutapurira hutachiona kune wavanofambidzana naye.

Tenga makondomu online.

Dzimwe nzira dzekudzivirira

Mamwe matanho ekubatsira kudzivirira kupararira kweHIV anosanganisira:

• Dzivisa kugovana tsono kana zvimwe zvinhu. HIV inopfuudzwa kuburikidza neropa uye inogona kutapukirwa nekushandisa zvinhu zvakasangana neropa remunhu ane HIV.
• Funga nezvePEP. Munhu akaoneswa hutachiwana anofanira kutaura nemubatsiri wake nezve kuwana post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). PEP inogona kudzikisa njodzi yekubatira Mukondombera. Inosanganisira matatu maantiretroviral mishonga anopiwa kwemazuva makumi maviri nemasere. PEP inofanira kutanga nekukurumidza mushure mekubuda pachena asi maawa makumi matatu nemasere kusvika makumi manomwe asati apfuura.
• Funga nezve PrEP. Munhu ane mukana wakakura wekutapukirwa neHIV anofanira kutaura nemubatsiri wake nezve pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Kana ikatorwa nguva dzose, inogona kudzikisa mukana wekuwana Mukondombera. PrEP mubatanidzwa wemishonga miviri inowanikwa mupiritsi fomu.

Vanopa hutano vanogona kupa rumwe ruzivo nezve idzi nedzimwe nzira dzekudzivirira kupararira kweHIV.

Tarisa pano kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezvekudzivirira njovhera.

Kurarama neHIV: Chii chaungatarisira uye matipi ekurwisa

Vanhu vanopfuura mamirioni 1,2 muUnited States vari kurarama neHIV. Izvo zvakasiyana kune wese munhu, asi nekurapwa, vazhinji vanogona kutarisira kurarama hupenyu hwakareba, hune zvibereko.

Chinhu chakanyanya kukosha kutanga mishonga yemaARV nekukurumidza. Nekutora mishonga chaizvo sekurairwa, vanhu vanorarama neHIV vanogona kuchengetedza huwandu hwehutachiona hwakadzika uye immune system yavo yakasimba.

Izvo zvakakoshawo kutevedzera nemubatsiri wehutano nguva dzose.

Dzimwe nzira vanhu vanorarama neHIV vanogona kusimudzira hutano hwavo dzinosanganisira:

• Ita kuti hutano hwavo huve hwavo hwekutanga. Matanho ekubatsira vanhu vanorarama neHIV kuti vanzwe kugona kwavo anosanganisira:
  • kuchipisa muviri wavo nechikafu chakadzikama
  • kurovedza muviri nguva dzose
  • kuwana zororo rakawandisa
  • kudzivisa fodya uye zvimwe zvinodhaka
  • kumhan'ara chero zviratidzo zvitsva kumubatsiri wavo wezvehutano ipapo ipapo
• Tarisa pane hutano hwepfungwa. Vanogona kufunga nezvekuona murapi ane rezinesi uyo ane ruzivo mukurapa vanhu vane HIV.
• Shandisa zvakachengeteka kuita bonde. Taura nevanodanana navo. Ongororwa zvimwe zvirwere zvepabonde. Uye shandisa makondomu uye nezvimwe zvinodzivirira pese pavanosangana pabonde nemurume kana mukadzi nekumashure kunobuda nako tsvina.
• Taura nemubatsiri wavo nezve nezve PrEP nePEP. Kana ikashandiswa zvakaenzana nemunhu asina hutachiona hweHIV, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uye post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) inogona kudzikisa mikana yekutapurirana. PrEP inowanzokurudzirwa kuvanhu vasina HIV muhukama nevanhu vane HIV, asi inogona kushandiswa mune mamwe mamiriro zvakare. Masosi epamhepo ekutsvaga wekupa PrEP anosanganisira PrEP Locator uye PleasePrEPMe.
• Vakomberedze nevadikani. Paunotanga kuudza vanhu nezve kwavo kuongororwa, vanogona kutanga kunonoka nekuudza mumwe munhu anogona kuchengetedza chivimbo chavo. Ivo vangangoda kusarudza mumwe munhu asingavatonge uye anozovatsigira mukuchengetedza hutano hwavo.
• Wana rutsigiro. Vanogona kujoina boka rekutsigira HIV, kungave ivo pachavo kana online, kuti vakwanise kusangana nevamwe vanotarisana nezvinetso zvakafanana zvavanazvo. Ivo mupi wezvehutano anogona zvakare kuvatungamira kuenda kwakasiyana zviwanikwa munzvimbo mavo.

Kune nzira dzakawanda dzekuwana zvakanakisa kubva muhupenyu kana uchirarama neHIV.

Inzwa dzimwe nyaya chaidzo dzevanhu vanorarama neHIV.

Tarisiro yehupenyu hweHIV: Ziva chokwadi

Mumakore ekuma1990, munhu ane makore makumi maviri ekuberekwa anehutachiwana hweHIV akange aine. Pakazosvika 2011, munhu ane makore makumi maviri ane hutachiona hweHIV anogona kutarisira kurarama mamwe makore makumi mashanu nemashanu.

Iko kusimudzira kunoshamisa, nekuda kwechikamu chikuru kune antiretroviral therapy. Nokurapwa kwakakodzera, vanhu vazhinji vaneHIV vanogona kutarisira hupenyu hwakajairika kana hwepedyo- hwakajairwa.

Ehezve, zvinhu zvakawanda zvinokanganisa tarisiro yeupenyu kumunhu ane HIV. Pakati pavo pane:

• CD4 cell count
• huwandu hwehutachiona
• zvirwere zvakakomba zvine chekuita neHIV, zvinosanganisira hepatitis
• kushandisa zvinodhaka
• kusvuta
• kuwana, kutevedzera, uye kupindura kurapwa
• mamwe mamiriro ehutano
• zera

Kunogara munhu zvine basawo. Vanhu vari muUnited States nedzimwe nyika dzakabudirira vanogona kunge vari mukana wekuwana mushonga weantiretroviral.

Kugara uchishandisa mishonga iyi kunobatsira kudzivirira Mukondombera kubva mukufambira mberi kusvika kuAIDS. Kana hutachiona hweHIV hwaenda kuAIDS, hupenyu hunotarisirwa pasina kurapwa hwavepo.

Muna 2017, nezvekurarama neHIV vaishandisa mushonga weantiretroviral.

Hupenyu hunotarisira huwandu huwandu hwese hwese mirawo. Vanhu vanorarama neHIV vanofanira kutaura nemubatsiri wavo wezvehutano kuti vadzidze zvakawanda pamusoro pezvavanogona kutarisira.

Dzidza zvakawanda nezve tarisiro yehupenyu uye kwenguva refu maonero neHIV.

Pane mushonga wekudzivirira Mukondombera here?

Parizvino, hapana majekiseni ekudzivirira kana kurapa HIV. Kutsvagisa uye kuyedza pamiyedzo yekuyedza iri kuenderera, asi hapana padyo nekubvumidzwa kuti ishandiswe zvakanyanya.

HIV hutachiona hwakaoma kunzwisisa. Iyo inoshanduka (inochinja) nekukurumidza uye kazhinji inokwanisa kudzivirira mhinduro dzemusununguko. Chete vanhu vashoma vane hutachiwana hweHIV ndivo vanokudziridza zvakawandisa hutachiona, mhando yemasoja ekudzivirira anogona kupindura kune akasiyana hutachiona hweHIV.

Chidzidzo chekutanga chekudzivirira hutachiwana hweHIV mumakore manomwe chaive chichienderera mberi muSouth Africa muna 2016. Mushonga wekuyedza iyi inguva yakagadziridzwa yeimwe yakashandiswa mukuyedza kwa2009 kwakaitika muThailand.

Kuteedzera kwegore re3,5 mushure mekudzivirira kwakaratidza kuti jekiseni raive 31.2 muzana inoshanda mukudzivirira kutapurirwa kweHIV.

Chidzidzo ichi chinosanganisira mazana mashanu nemazana mana evarume nevakadzi vanobva kuSouth Africa. Muna 2016 muSouth Africa, nezvehutachiona hweHIV. Mhedzisiro yechidzidzo inotarisirwa mu2021.

Kumwe kunonoka-danho, epasi rose vaccine kiriniki miedzo irikuenderera mberi izvozvi

Kumwe kutsvagisa kwekudzivirira kweHIV kuri kuenderera mberi.

Kunyange hazvo paine pasina mushonga wekudzivirira Mukondombera, vanhu vane HIV vanogona kubatsirikana kubva kune mamwe majekiseni ekudzivirira zvirwere zvine chekuita neHIV. Heano mazano eCDC:

• chirwere chemabayo: kune vese vana vadiki pane 2 uye vese vakuru 65 uye vakuru
• furuwenza: kune vanhu vese vanopfuura mwedzi mitanhatu yekuberekwa gore rega rega nekusara kusingawanzo
• hepatitis A uye B: bvunza chiremba wako kana iwe uchifanirwa kubaiwa jekiseni rehepatitis A uye B, kunyanya kana uri mune
• yomumuzongoza: mushonga we meningococcal conjugate ndewevose vane makore gumi nemaviri kusvika gumi nemaviri nezera rekusimudzira pa16, kana chero munhu ari panjodzi. Mushonga weSerogroup B meningococcal unokurudzirwa kune chero munhu ane makore gumi kana kupfuura aine njodzi yakawedzera.
• shingles: kune avo vane makore makumi mashanu kana kupfuura

Dzidza kuti nei mushonga weHIV wakanetsa kukudziridza

Nhamba dzeHIV

Hedzino nhamba dzemazuva ano dzeHIV:

• Muna 2019, vanhu vanosvika mamirioni makumi matatu nemasere pasi rese vairarama neHIV. Pakati pavo, 1.8 mamirioni vaive vana vari pazasi pemakore gumi nemashanu.
• Pakupera kwa2019, vanhu vanosvika mamirioni 25,4 vanorarama neHIV vaishandisa mushonga weantiretroviral.
• Kubva zvakatanga denda iri, vanhu vanosvika mamirioni makumi manomwe neshanu vakabatira HIV, uye matambudziko ane chekuita neAIDS akatora hupenyu hwemamirioni makumi matatu nemaviri.
• Muna 2019, vanhu mazana matanhatu nemakumi mapfumbamwe vakafa nechirwere chine chekuita neAIDS. Uku kudzikira kubva pamamirioni 1.9 muna2005.
• Eastern neSouth Africa ndiyo yakanyanya kurohwa. Muna 2019, vanhu vanosvika mamirioni makumi manomwe nenomwe munzvimbo idzi vairarama neHIV, uye vamwe mazana manomwe nemakumi manomwe ezviuru vakabatira hutachiona. Dunhu iri rinodarika hafu yevanhu vese vanorarama neHIV pasirese.
• Vakadzi vakuru nevechiri kuyaruka vakaita 19 muzana yehutachiona hutsva hweHIV muUnited States muna 2018. Inenge hafu yezviitiko zvese zvitsva zvinoitika muAfrica America.
• Akasiiwa asina kurapwa, mukadzi ane HIV ane mukana wekutapurira HIV kumwana wake panguva yepamuviri kana pakuyamwisa. Nemishonga yeantiretroviral panguva yese yepamuviri uye kudzivirira kuyamwisa, njodzi iri pasi pe.
• Mumakore ekuma1990, munhu ane makore makumi maviri ekuberekwa ane hutachiona hweHIV aive nemakore gumi nemapfumbamwe. Pakazosvika 2011, yakanga yave nani kusvika pamakore makumi mashanu nematatu. Nhasi, tarisiro yehupenyu ndeyekuti mushonga weantiretroviral watangwa nguva pfupi yapfuura mushure mekuwana Mukondombera.

Sekuwana kweantiretroviral therapy kuri kuramba kuchikura pasirese, idzi nhamba dzinovimba dzicharamba dzichichinja.

Dzidza zvimwe zviverengero nezveHIV.