Ko mishonga yezvipembenene muzvikafu inokuvadza hutano hwako here?

Zvemukati

• Chii chinonzi mishonga yezvipembenene?
• Mhando dzezvipembenene
• Synthetic Pesticides
• Organic kana Biopesticides
• Ndeapi Pesticide Maturu muKudya Anotongwa?
• Iyo Miganho Yekuchengeteka Yakavimbika Zvakadii?
• Ndeapi Hutano Mhedzisiro YePamusoro Pesticide Kujekesa?
• Yakawanda Sei Mishonga Yezvipembenene Iri pane Chikafu?
• Iko Kune Mashoma Mashoma emushonga muOganiki Chikafu?
• Kune Kune Mashoma Pesticides muGenetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)?
• Unofanirwa Kudzivisa Kudya Uchishandisa Mishonga Yezvipembenene?
• Icho Chinokosha

Vanhu vazhinji vanonetseka nezvezvipembenene muzvikafu.

Mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka inoshandiswa kudzikisa kukanganisa kwezvirimwa kubva kumasora, makonzo, zvipembenene uye utachiona. Izvi zvinowedzera goho remichero, miriwo nezvimwe zvirimwa.

Chinyorwa ichi chakanangana nemarara emushonga wezvipembenene, kana mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka inowanikwa pamusoro pemichero nemiriwo painotengwa sekutenga.

Inoongorora mhando dzakajairika dzemishonga yekuuraya zvipuka inoshandiswa mukurima kwazvino uye kuti zvisaririra zvavo zvinokanganisa hutano hwevanhu.

Chii chinonzi mishonga yezvipembenene?

Mupfungwa yakafara, mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka makemikari anoshandiswa kudzora chero chinhu chinogona kupinda kana kukuvadza zvirimwa, zvitoro zvekudya kana dzimba.

Nekuti pane mhando dzakawanda dzezvipuka, pane mhando dzezvipembenene. Iyi inotevera mimwe mienzaniso:

• Mazvipembenene: Deredza kuparadza uye kusvibiswa kwezvirimwa zvinokura nekukohwe nezvipembenene nemazai avo.
• Mishonga yesora: Iyo inozivikanwa zvakare seinouraya masora, idzi dzinovandudza goho rezvirimwa.
• Rodenticides: Zvakakosha kudzora kuparadza uye kusvibiswa kwezvirimwa nehutachiona uye zvirwere zvinotakurwa nemakonzo.
• Fungicides: Kunyanya kukosha kuchengetedza goho rakakohwewa nembeu kubva ku fungal kuora.

Kubudirira mune zvekurima maitiro, kusanganisira mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka, kwakawedzera goho rezvirimwa mukurima kwazvino nekaviri kana kasere kubvira kuma1940 (1).

Kwemakore mazhinji, kushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene kwaive kusiri pamutemo. Nekudaro, kukanganisa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipuka pazvakatipoteredza uye hutano hwevanhu kwave kuongororwa zvakanyanya kubvira pakaburitswa Silent Spring naRachel Carson muna 1962.

Nhasi, mishonga yezvipembenene iri pasi pekuwongorora kukuru kubva kumasangano ehurumende uye asiri ehurumende.

Iyo chaiyo inouraya zvipembenene inogona kuparadza yakatarwa chipembenene isingakonzere mhedzisiro kune vanhu, isiri-tarisiro zvirimwa, mhuka uye nharaunda.

Mishonga inonyanyo shandiswa inouraya zvipembenene inosvika padhuze nechero mwero wakakodzera. Nekudaro, ivo havana kukwana, uye mashandisiro avo ane hutano uye zvakatipoteredza mhedzisiro.

Mishonga yezvipembenene inovavarira kuparadza tupukanana tisingakanganise vanhu nharaunda. Mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka yakawana zvirinani nekufamba kwenguva, asi hapana akakwana pakupa hutachiona husina mhedzisiro.

Mhando dzezvipembenene

Mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka inogona kugadzirwa, zvichireva kuti ivo vakagadzirwa mumabhizinesi emaindasitiri, kana organic.

Organic mishonga inouraya zvipuka, kana biopesticides, ari makemikari anowanzoitika, asi anogona kuburitswazve mumaragi ekushandisa mukurima kwehupenyu.

Synthetic Pesticides

Synthetic mishonga yezvipembenene yakagadzirirwa kugadzikana, kuva nehupenyu hwakanaka hwemasherufu uye kuve nyore kugovera.

Izvo zvakagadzirirwawo kuti zvibudirire pakunongedza tupukanana uye zvine huturu hwakaderera kune dzisiri-tarisiro mhuka uye nharaunda.

Makirasi ekugadzira mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka anosanganisira anotevera (2):

• Organophosphates: Mishonga yekuuraya zvipukanana iyo inonongedza tsinga. Dzakati wandei dzadzo dzakarambidzwa kana kubvumidzwa nekuda kwehuturu netsaona kufumurwa.
• Carbamates: Mishonga yezvipembenene inokanganisa hurongwa hwemitsipa zvakafanana ne organophosphates, asi haina chepfu shoma, sezvo zvainoita zvichipera nekukurumidza.
• Pyrethroids: Uyewo kukanganisa tsinga. Iyo irabhoritari-inogadzirwa vhezheni yechisikigo chipembenene chinowanikwa mune chrysanthemums.
• Organochlorines: Kusanganisira dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), aya akave akarambidzwa zvakanyanya kana kudzivirirwa nekuda kwekukanganisa kwakatipoteredza.
• Neonicotinoids: Mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka inoshandiswa pamashizha nemiti. Ivo parizvino vari kuongororwa neUS EPA yemishumo yekukuvara kusingatarisirwe nenyuchi.
• Glyphosate: Ichizivikanwa sechigadzirwa chinonzi Roundup, uyu mushonga wesora wave wakakosha mukurima zvirimwa zvakagadzirwa nemajini.

Organic kana Biopesticides

Kurima kwe organic kunoshandisa biopesticides, kana zvinowanzoitika mishonga yemishonga yezvipembenene yakashanduka mumiti.

Kune mhando dzakawanda kwazvo dzekutsanangura pano, asi iyo EPA yakaburitsa runyorwa rweanyoresa biopesticides.

Zvakare, iyo US department rezvekurima inochengetedza runyorwa runyorwa rweyakagamuchirwa synthetic uye inorambidzwa organic mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka.

Heano mienzaniso mishoma yezvakakosha zvipembenene zvemushonga.

• Rotenone: Chipembenene chinoshandiswa pamwe chete nemamwe makemikari. Izvo zvakasikwa zvinogadzirwa sebete rinodzivirira nemiti inoverengeka yetropiki uye inozivikanwa ine chepfu kuhove.
• Mhangura sulfate: Inoparadza fungi uye mamwe masora. Kunyangwe ichisarudzwa se biopesticide, inogadzirwa nemaindasitiri uye inogona kuva chepfu kuvanhu uye nharaunda nhanho dzakakwirira.
• Horticultural maoiri: Inoreva zvigadzirwa zvemafuta kubva kumiti dzakasiyana zvine anti-zvipembenene mhedzisiro. Izvi zvinosiyana mune zvavo zvigadzirwa uye zvinogona mhedzisiro mhedzisiro. Dzimwe dzinogona kukuvadza zvipembenene zvinobatsira senge nyuchi (3).
• Bt chepfu: Yakagadzirwa nemabhakitiriya uye inoshanda kurwisa mhando dzinoverengeka dzezvipembenene, Bt toxin yakaunzwa mune mamwe marudzi ezvibereko zvemajini (GMO) zvirimwa.

Rondedzero iyi haina kukwana, asi inoratidza maviri akakosha mazano.

Kutanga, "organic" hazvireve "isina mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka." Asi, zvinoreva mhando dzakasarudzika dzemishonga yezvipembenene dzinoitika mune zvakasikwa uye dzinoshandiswa pachinzvimbo chekugadzira mishonga yezvipembenene.

Chechipiri, "zvakasikwa" hazvireve "chisina chepfu." Organic mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka inogona zvakare kukuvadza hutano hwako uye nharaunda.

Synthetic mishonga yezvipembenene inogadzirwa mumaragi. Organic kana biopesticides inogadzirwa mune zvakasikwa, asi inogona kuburitswazve mumaragi. Kunyangwe zvakasikwa, izvi hazvisi kugara zvakachengeteka kuvanhu kana nharaunda.

Ndeapi Pesticide Maturu muKudya Anotongwa?

Mhando dzakawanda dzezvidzidzo dzinoshandiswa kunzwisisa kuti ndeapi matanho emishonga yezvipembenene anokuvadza.

Mimwe mienzaniso inosanganisira kuyera zviyero muvanhu avo netsaona vakafumurwa nemushonga wezvipembenene wakawandisa, kuyedzwa kwemhuka uye kudzidza hutano hwakareba hwevanhu vanoshandisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka mumabasa avo.

Ruzivo urwu rwunosanganiswa kugadzira miganho yekuratidzira kwakachengeteka.

Semuenzaniso, iyo yakaderera dosi yemushonga wezvipembenene unokonzera kunyangwe chiratidzo chisingaonekwi chinonzi "yakaderera yakacherechedzwa yakashata mitezo," kana LOAEL. Iyo "isina kucherechedzwa yakashata mitezo," kana NOAEL, inoshandiswawo dzimwe nguva ().

Masangano akaita seWorld Health Organisation, European Food Safety Authority, US department rezvekurima uye US Food and Drug Administration vanoshandisa ruzivo urwu kugadzira mukana wekuratidzira uyo unonzi wakachengeteka.

Kuti vaite izvi, vanowedzera kamukira kekuchengetedza nekumisa zvikumbaridzo zvakapetwa ka1-1,000 zvakapetwa pane iyo LOAEL kana NOAEL ().

Nekungwarira kwazvo, zvinodiwa pamutemo pakushandisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka zvinochengetedza huwandu hwezvipembenene pazvikafu zviri pasi pematanho anokuvadza.

Masangano akatiwandei emitemo anomisikidza kuchengetedzwa kwemiganhu yezvipukanana mune zvekudya. Iyi miganho inochengetedza zvakanyanya, ichidzivirira mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka kune yakawanda nguva yakaderera pane iyo yakaderera dhosi inozivikanwa kuuraya.

Iyo Miganho Yekuchengeteka Yakavimbika Zvakadii?

Kumwe kushoropodza kwemiganhu yekuchengetedza mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka ndeyekuti mimwe mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka - inogadzira uye yakasikwa - ine simbi dzinorema sedzemhangura, dzinovaka mumuviri nekufamba kwenguva.

Nekudaro, ongororo yevhu muIndia yakawana kuti kushandiswa kwemushonga wezvipembenene hakuna kukonzeresa kumatunhu akakwirira esimbi kupfuura aya anowanikwa muvhu risina tupukanana (5).

Kumwe kutsoropodza ndekwekuti zvimwe zvehunhu husingaoneki, zvinogara zviripo zvemishonga yezvipembenene zvinogona kusingaonekwe nemhando dzezvidzidzo zvinoshandiswa kumisikidza miganho yakachengeteka.

Neichi chikonzero, kuenderera mberi kwekutarisa mhedzisiro yehutano mumapoka ane zvisingaenzaniswi zvakanyanya kukosheswa kwakakosha kubatsira kunatsiridza mirau.

Kutyorwa kwenzvimbo dzekuchengetedza idzi hakuna kujairika. Chidzidzo cheUS chakawana huwandu hwemishonga yekuuraya zvipuka pamusoro pehutongi hwakarongedzwa mu9 kubva pa2,444 epamba uye makumi maviri nematanhatu kubva pa4,890 akaunzwa zvibodzwa (6).

Zvakare, chidzidzo cheEuropean chakawana huwandu hwemishonga yekuuraya zvipuka pamusoro pechikumbaridzo chavo mu4% yezvokudya makumi mana nemazana matanhatu munyika gumi neshanu (6).

Neraki, kunyangwe kana iwo mwero ukapfuura zvirango zvekutonga, hazviwanzo kukonzera kukuvara (6,).

Kuongororwa kwemakumi emakore edata muUS kwakawana kubuda kwehurwere kunokonzerwa nemishonga yezvipembenene muchikafu hakuna kukonzerwa nekushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene, asi tsaona zvisingawanzoitika umo varimi vamwe vakashandisa mushonga wezvipembenene zvisizvo ().

Mishonga yezvipembenene muzvibereko kashoma kudarika zvidziviriro uye kazhinji hazvikonzere kukuvadza kana zvadaro. Zvirwere zvakawanda zvine hukama nemushonga wezvipembenene mugumisiro wekushandisa zvakanyanya netsaona kana kuratidzwa pabasa.

Ndeapi Hutano Mhedzisiro YePamusoro Pesticide Kujekesa?

Ose maviri ekugadzira uye ehupenyu biopesticides ane zvinokuvadza hutano mhedzisiro pane yakawanda kupfuura ayo anowanzo kuwanikwa mumichero nemiriwo.

Muvana, kuburitswa netsaona kumwero wakakwira wezvipembenene zvinosanganisirwa nekenza dzevacheche, kucherechedza kushomeka kwehutano hwehutachiona (ADHD) uye autism (9,).

Imwe ongororo yevana 1,139 yakawana 50-90% yakawedzera njodzi yeADHD muvana vane mwero wepamusoro wemishonga yezvipembenene, zvichienzaniswa neavo vane mwero wakaderera weti (,).

Muchidzidzo ichi, zvainge zvisina kujeka kana mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka yakawanikwa mumuti weti yakanga ichibva muchigadzirwa kana kumwe kuburitswa kwezvakatipoteredza, sekugara padyo nepurazi.

Chimwe chidzidzo chakaratidza kusagadzikana kwehutano muvacheche mazana matatu nemakumi matatu vakaberekerwa vakadzi vane huwandu hwakawanda hweweti yezvipembenene panguva yekuzvitakura, zvichienzaniswa naamai vane yakaderera mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka ().

Kuongororwa kwemishonga inouraya zvipfukuto inoshandiswa mukurima gadheni kwakawana kuti kushandiswa kwe rotenone kwakabatana nechirwere cheParkinson mushure mehupenyu (14).

Ese maviri ekugadzira uye ehupenyu biopesticides ave achibatanidzwa nekuwedzera kenza mareti kumatunhu akakwirira murabhoritari mhuka (15).

Nekudaro, hapana huwandu hwekenza hwakawedzera hwakabatanidzwa neiyo shoma mishonga yezvipembenene muzvibereko.

Kumwe kuongorora kweongororo dzakawanda kwakapedzisa kuti mikana yekurwara nekenza kubva pahuwandu hwezvipembenene zvakadyiwa muavhareji yeupenyu hwese hausi pasi peimwe mumiriyoni ().

Yakakwira netsaona kana yebasa pesticidhe yekuratidzira inosanganiswa nemamwe cancer uye neurodevelopmental hosha. Nekudaro, iwo akadzika mazinga emishonga yekuuraya zvipuka anowanikwa muzvikafu haigone kukuvadza.

Yakawanda Sei Mishonga Yezvipembenene Iri pane Chikafu?

Ongororo yakazara yemishonga yekuuraya zvipuka muzvikafu inowanikwa kubva kuWorld Health Organisation (17).

Imwe ongororo yakaratidza 3% yemapuro emaPolish aive nemishonga yezvipembenene pamusoro pechengetedzo yepamutemo yezvipembenene pazvikafu ().

Nekudaro, iwo mazinga anga asina kukwana zvakakwana kuti akonzere kukuvara, kunyangwe muvana.

Iwo matanho emishonga yezvipembenene pane zvigadzirwa anogona kuderedzwa nekuwacha, kubika uye kugadzira chikafu ().

Imwe ongororo ongororo yakawana kuti huwandu hwezvipembenene hwakadzikiswa ne10-80% nenzira dzakasiyana dzekubika uye dzekugadzira chikafu ().

Kunyanya, kuwacha nemvura yemupombi (kunyangwe isina sipo dzakasarudzika kana ma detergents) inoderedza huwandu hwechipukisi ne60-70% ().

Maturusi emushonga wezvipembenene muzvigadzirwa zvakajairwa anowanzo kuve ari pazasi pekuchengetedza kwavo. Vanogona kudzikiswa nekuenderera mberi nekukwiza nekubika chikafu.

Iko Kune Mashoma Mashoma emushonga muOganiki Chikafu?

Hazvishamisi kuti chigadzirwa che organic chine huwandu hwakaderera hwemishonga yekuuraya zvipuka. Izvi zvinoshandura kuita yakadzika yekugadzira mishonga yezvipembenene mumuviri (22).

Imwe ongororo muvanhu vakuru vanopfuura zviuru mazana mana nemazana mana yakaratidza avo vairatidzira kushomeka zvine mwero kwechigadzirwa chehunhu vaive nematanho epasi ekugadzira zvipembenene mumuguta wavo ().

Nekudaro, zvigadzirwa zve organic zvine huwandu hwakakwira hwebiopesticides.

Imwe ongororo yemiorivhi nemafuta emuorivhi vachishandisa mishonga inouraya zvipembenene yakawana huwandu hwakawedzera hweiyo biopesticides rotenone, azadirachtin, pyrethrin nemhangura fungicides (24).

Iyi organic mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka zvakare ine yakaipa mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza, ayo, mune dzimwe nguva, akaipa kupfuura ekugadzira dzimwe nzira ().

Vamwe vanhu vanopokana kuti mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka inogona kukuvadza nekufamba kwenguva nekuti yakagadzirirwa kuti ive nehushe hwakareba uye inogona kugara kwenguva refu mumuviri uye nharaunda.

Izvi dzimwe nguva ndezvechokwadi. Zvakangodaro, kune yakawanda mienzaniso yemakemikari mishonga inouraya inoenderera seyakareba kana yakareba kupfuura avhareji synthetic pesticide (26).

Pfungwa inopesana ndeyekuti organic biopesticides inowanzo shoma pane yekugadzira mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka, zvichikonzera kuti varimi vaishandise kazhinji uye pamadhora epamusoro.

Muchokwadi, mune kumwe kuongorora, nepo mishonga yekugadzira zvipembenene yakapfuura zvikumbaridzo mu4% kana zvishoma zvezvibereko, rotenone nemhangura zvaive zvakagara pamusoro pemiganhu yavo yekuchengetedza (6, 24).

Pakazara, iyo inogona kukuvadza kubva kune yekugadzira uye organic biopesticides kunoenderana neicho chakakosha chipembenene uye muyero. Nekudaro, ese ari maviri marudzi emishonga yekuuraya zvipuka haigone kukonzera matambudziko ehutano pamatanho akaderera anowanikwa pane zvigadzirwa.

Chibereko cheOganiki chine mashoma ekugadzira mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka, asi zvakanyanya organic biopesticides. Biopesticides haina kunyanya kuchengetedzeka, asi mhando mbiri dzemishonga yezvipembenene dzakachengeteka pamatanho akaderera anowanikwa muchigadzirwa.

Kune Kune Mashoma Pesticides muGenetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)?

GMOs zvirimwa zvakave nemajeneti akawedzerwa kwavari kusimudzira kukura kwavo, kuita kwakawanda kana kushorwa kwezvipembenene (27).

Nhoroondo, zvirimwa zvemusango zvakarerwa kuti zvive nehunhu hwakanaka pakurima nekusarudza chete miti yakanaka kwazvo inowanikwa.

Iyi fomu yekusarudzwa kwemajini yakashandiswa mumiti yese nemhuka mune yedu yepasi chikafu chikafu.

Nekuberekana, shanduko dzinoitwa zvishoma nezvishoma pamazera mazhinji, uye chaizvo chikonzero nei chirimwa chichiwedzera kusimba ndicho chakavanzika. Nepo chirimwa chichi sarudzwa kune humwe hunhu, shanduko yemajini yakakonzera hunhu uhwu haioneke kune vafudzi.

MaGMO anokurumidza kuita izvi nekushandisa hunyanzvi hwesainzi kupa icho chakatarwa chirimwa chimiro chakasarudzika. Mhedzisiro inotarisirwa inozivikanwa pamberi, sekushandurwa kwezviyo kuburitsa hutachiona hweBt toxin ().

Nekuti zvirimwa zveGMO zvakasarudzika zvakawedzera kuramba, zvinoda mashoma mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka ().

Izvi pamwe hazvibatsire vanhu vanodya goho, nekuti njodzi yezvipembenene pachikafu yatove yakaderera zvakanyanya. Asi, maGMO anogona kudzora zvinokuvadza nharaunda pamwe nehutano hwekuita kweanogadzira uye ehupenyu biopesticides.

Ongororo dzinoverengeka dzese dzevanhu nedzemhuka dzinogumisa kuti hapana humbowo hwekuti maGMO anokuvadza kuhutano (, 30, 31, 32).

Kumwe kunetsekana kwakasimudzwa kuti maGMO anoshingirira glyphosate (Roundup) anokurudzira kushandiswa kweiyi herbicide mumatanho epamusoro.

Nepo kumwe kuongorora kuchiratidza kuti mwero wepamusoro we glyphosate unogona kusimudzira kenza mumhuka dzemarabhoritari, aya mazinga aive akakwirira zvakanyanya kupfuura ayo anoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kweGMO uye kunyangwe iwo ekufumurwa kwebasa kana nharaunda ().

Kuongororwa kwezvidzidzo zvakawanda kwakapedzisa chaiwo madosi e glyphosate akachengeteka ().

GMOs inoda mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka mishoma. Izvi zvinoderedza njodzi yekukuvara kwemushonga wezvipembenene kuvarimi, vakohwi nevanhu vanogara pedyo nemapurazi. Huwandu hukuru hwezvidzidzo zvinoratidza nguva dzose kuti maGMO akachengeteka.

Unofanirwa Kudzivisa Kudya Uchishandisa Mishonga Yezvipembenene?

Pane humbowo hukuru hwesainzi hwekuti kudya michero nemiriwo yakawanda kune zvakawanda, zvakawanda zvehutano zvinobatsira (34).

Izvi ndezvechokwadi zvisinei nekuti izvo zvigadzirwa ndezve organic kana zvakajairika zvakasimwa uye kuti zvakave zvakagadziriswa here kana kwete (,).

Vamwe vanhu vanogona kusarudza kudzivirira mishonga yezvipembenene nekuda kwezvakatipoteredza kana zvehutano zvehutano. Asi ramba uchifunga kuti organic haireve kuti haina pesticidhe-isina.

Kudya chikafu chakakurirwa munharaunda kunogona kubatsira kune nharaunda, asi zvinoenderana nemaitiro epurazi rega. Kana iwe ukatenga kumapurazi emuno, funga kuvabvunza nezve yavo nzira dzekudzivirira zvipembenene (26).

Izvo zvakaderera huwandu hwezvipembenene zvinowanikwa muzvibereko zvakachengeteka. Kutenga zvigadzirwa zvemuno zvinogona kana kusaderedza njodzi idzi, zvinoenderana nemaitiro ekurima ega.

Icho Chinokosha

Mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka inoshandiswa mune angangoita ese echizvino kugadzirwa kwechikafu kugadzirisa goho rezvirimwa nekudzora masora, zvipembenene nezvimwe zvinotyisidzira kugadzira.

Ose maviri ekugadzira uye ehupenyu biopesticides ane zvinogona kuitika hutano mhedzisiro.

Pakati pese, mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka inogadziriswa zvakanyanya uye kuyerwa. Zvekudya zvekudya zvakaderera mumishonga yekugadzira zvipembenene, asi zvakakwirira mu organic biopesticides.

Nekudaro, iwo mazinga ezvose zviri zviviri zvekugadzira mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka uye organic biopesticides muzvibereko kazhinji kazhinji pazasi pematanho epasi anozivikanwa kukuvadza mhuka kana vanhu.

Zvakare, izvo zvakawanda zvakanaka zvehutano zvekudya zvakawanda michero nemiriwo zvakajeka uye zvinopindirana pamazana ezvidzidzo.

Shandisa maitiro akajairika, akadai sekugezesa zvigadzirwa usati washandisa, asi usazvidya moyo nezvezvipembenene muzvikafu.