Immune system: zvazviri uye mashandiro ayo

Zvemukati

• Masero ezvirwere zvemuviri
• Inoshanda sei
• Innate kana yakasikwa immune mhinduro
• Adaptive kana yakawanikwa immune immune
• Chii chinonzi maantigen nema antibodies
• Mhando dzekudzivirira
• Kushanda kwekudzivirira
• Passive jekiseni
• Maitiro ekusimbisa immune immune

Ma immune immune, kana immune system, seti yenhengo, zvinyama uye maseru anokonzera kurwisa zvinopinda zvehutachiona, nokudaro zvichidzivirira kukura kwezvirwere. Uye zvakare, ine basa rekusimudzira chiyero cheiyo muviri kubva kune yakatarisana mhinduro yemaseru nemamorekuru akagadzirwa mukupindura kune pathogen.

Nzira yakanakisa yekusimbisa immune system uye kuita kuti ipindure mushe kune inopinda microorganisms ndeyekudya uye kudzidzira hutano hunhu. Uye zvakare, zvakakosha kuti jekiseni riitwe, kunyanya semwana, kukurudzira kugadzirwa kwemasoja ekudzivirira uye kudzivirira mwana kubva kuzvirwere zvinokanganisa kukura kwavo, senge polio, inonziwo kuora mitezo yevana, iyo inogona kudzivirirwa kuburikidza nemushonga weVIP. Ziva nguva yekutora chirwere cheporiyo.

Masero ezvirwere zvemuviri

Iyo immune reaction inopindirana nemaseru anokonzera kurwisa hutachiona, ma leukocyte, ayo anosimudzira hutano hwehupenyu uye munhu. Leukocyte inogona kukamurwa kuita polymorphonuclear uye mononuclear maseru, rimwe nerimwe boka riine mamwe marudzi emasero ekudzivirira mumuviri anoita mabasa akasarudzika uye anowirirana. Maseru eiyo immune system ndeaya:

• Lymphocytes, ayo ari masero anowanzo shandurwa panguva yehutachiona, nekuti inovimbisa zvakasarudzika kumhinduro dzemuviri. Kune matatu marudzi e lymphocyte, B, T uye Natural Killer (NK), iyo inoita mabasa akasiyana;
• Monocytes, kuti vari kutenderera muropa kwenguva pfupi uye izvo zvinogona kusiyaniswa kuva macrophage, ayo akakosha pakurwisa mumiriri ane hukasha hwehutachiona;
• Neutrophils, iyo inotenderera munzvimbo dzakakwirira uye ndiyo yekutanga kuona nekuita kurwisa hutachiona;
• Eosinophils, izvo zvinowanzo tenderera mune zvidiki zvidiki muropa, asi kuwanda kwavo kwakawedzera panguva yekusagadzikana kana kana chirwere chepasita, hutachiona kana fungal;
• Basophils, iyo inotendererawo munzvimbo dzakadzika, asi inogona kuwedzera nekuda kweanorwara kana kuzvimba kwenguva refu.

Kubva panguva iyo muviri wekunze uye / kana mutumwa anotapukira anopinda mumuviri, maseru edziviriro yezvirwere anoitwa uye anoita nenzira yakabatana nechinangwa chekurwisa mumiriri anotadza. Dzidza zvakawanda nezve leukocyte.

Inoshanda sei

Ma immune immune ane basa rekuchengetedza muviri kurudzi rwehutachiona. Nekudaro, kana hutachiona hukapinda muhupenyu, immune system inokwanisa kuona iyi pathogen nekumisikidza nzira dzekuzvidzivirira kuitira kurwisa hutachiona.

Ma immune immune anoumbwa nemhando mbiri dzekupindura: yekuzvarwa yekuzvidzivirira, inova nzira yekutanga yemuviri yekudzivirira, uye inogadzirisa immune immune, iyo yakanyanya kujekesa uye inoitwa kana yekutanga mhinduro isingashande kana isina kukwana .

Innate kana yakasikwa immune mhinduro

Maitiro echisikigo kana echisimba ekudzivirira ndiwo mutsara wekutanga wedziviriro, kuvapo muvanhu kubva pakuzvarwa. Pangosvika iyo microorganism inopinda muhupenyu, iyi tambo yekudzivirira inosimudzirwa, ichizivikanwa nekumhanya kwayo uye zvishoma kuita.

Rudzi rwekudzivirira urwu runosanganisira:

• Zvipingaidzo zvepanyama, rinova iro ganda, vhudzi uye mamota, kuve nebasa rekudzivirira kana kunonoka kupinda kwemitumbi yekunze mumuviri;
• Zvipingaidzo zvemuviri, senge acidity yemudumbu, tembiricha yemuviri uye cytokines, izvo zvinodzivirira iyo inopinda microorganism kubva mukukura mumuviri, kuwedzera mukusimudzira kubviswa kwayo;
• Zvipingamupinyi zvemagetsi, iyo inoumbwa nemasero anoonekwa seyekutanga mutsara wekudzivirira, ayo ari neutrophils, macrophages uye NK lymphocyte, ane basa rekusanganisa iyo pathogen nekusimudzira kuparadzwa kwayo.

Nekuda kwekushanda kwema immune immune, hutachiona hahuitike nguva dzose, uye utachiona hunokurumidza kubviswa. Nekudaro, kana hutachiona hwepanyama husingakwanise kurwisa hutachiona, hutachiona hunogadziriswa hunosimudzirwa.

Adaptive kana yakawanikwa immune immune

Iyo inochengetwa kana inochinjika hutachiona, kunyangwe iri mutsara wechipiri wekudzivirira kweiyo muviri, ine kukosha kukuru, sezvo kuri kuburikidza nayo kuti maseru endangariro anogadzirwa, kudzivirira hutachiona neiyo imwechete microorganism kubva pakuitika kana, kana zvikadaro, zvigoita zvakapfava.

Pamusoro pekupa maseru ekurangarira, mhinduro yekuzvidzivirira, kunyangwe ichitora nguva yakareba kumisikidza, yakanyanya kujekesa, nekuti inogona kuratidza hunhu hwega hwega hwehutachiona uye, nekudaro, inotungamira kumagadzirirwo ezvirwere mumuviri.

Rudzi urwu rwekudzivirira runogoneswa nekubata nevanotapukira uye vane mhando mbiri:

• Humoral immune, inova mhinduro inopindirana nema antibodies anogadzirwa nerudzi B lymphocyte;
• Masero ekudzivirira, inova iyo immune immune inopindirana neT-mhando maLymphocyte, ayo anokurudzira kuparadzwa kwehutachiona kana kufa kwemasero ane hutachiona, sezvo rudzi urwu rwekudzivirira rwunogadzirwa apo hutachiona hunorarama hutachiona hwekuzvarwa uye hunosekesa, huchive husingawanikwe nema antibodies. Dzidza zvakawanda nezve lymphocyte.

Kuwedzera kune humoral uye cellular immune, iyo inoshanduka immune mhinduro inogona zvakare kuiswa seinoshanda, kana ichiwanikwa kuburikidza nejekiseni, semuenzaniso, kana kungoita, kana ichibva kune mumwe munhu, senge kuburikidza nekuyamwisa, umo maantibhakitiriya anogona kutapurirana kubva kuna amai kumucheche.

Chii chinonzi maantigen nema antibodies

Kuti immune system ipindure, maantigen uye maantibodies anodiwa. Maantigen zvinhu zvinokwanisa kukonzera kupindirana kwemuviri, kuve yakanangana nechero microorganism, uye inosunga yakananga kune lymphocyte kana antibody kuti iite immune immune, izvo zvinowanzo guma nekuparadzwa kwehutachiona uye, nekudaro, kupera kwehutachiona.

Maantibodies mapuroteni-akafanana neY ane basa rekuchengetedza muviri kubva kuzvirwere, achigadzirwa mukuteerera kune inopinda microorganism. Maantibodies, anonziwo immunoglobulins, anogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza nekuyamwisa, inova iyo IgA, kunyangwe panguva yekuzvitakura, mune IgG, kana kugadzirwa mukupindura kune zvinopesana neyakaitika, mune IgE.

Mukupindura kuzvirwere, IgM ndiyo antibody yakatanga kugadzirwa.Sezvo hutachiona hunosimbiswa, muviri unotanga kuburitsa IgG iyo, pamusoro pekurwisa hutachiona, inoramba iri mukutenderera, ichionekwa sechironda chendangariro. Dzidza zvakawanda nezve IgG uye IgM.

Mhando dzekudzivirira

Kubaya nhomba kunoenderana nemaitiro emuviri ekusimudzira dziviriro kubva kune mamwe majekiseni, ayo anogona kuwanikwa nenzira yechisikigo kana zvakagadzirwa, senge inyaya yekudzivirira, semuenzaniso.

Kushanda kwekudzivirira

Kushanda kwekudzivirira chinhu kunowanikwa kuburikidza nekubaiwa nhomba kana nekuda kwekubatana nemumiririri wechimwe chirwere, kukurudzira immune system uye kuchikonzera kuburitsa masoja ekudzivirira.

Kushanda kwekubatira kunokwanisa kugadzira ndangariro, kureva kuti, kana muviri ukasangana zvakare nemumiririri uyo unokonzera chirwere chakati, muviri unoziva nekurwisa mumiriri anopinda, zvichidzivirira munhu kubva mukukura kwechirwere kana kuva nacho zvakanyanya. Nekudaro, iyi mhando yekupindura inogara kwenguva refu, zvisinei zvinotora nguva kuti igadzikiswe, ndiko kuti, nekukurumidza mushure mekuratidzwa kune anokuvadza mumiririri, hapana kuumbwa nekukurumidza kweanokodzera immune mhinduro. Iyo immune system inotora nguva kugadzirisa uye kupinza ruzivo urwu.

Kuratidzirwa kwechisikigo kune iyo pathogen inzira yekuwana inoshanda yekudzivirira. Pamusoro pezvo, zvakakosha kuti uwane mushonga unoshanda, izvo zviri kuburikidza nenjodzi, nekudaro kudzivirira hutachiona hwemangwana. Pakubaya nhomba, munhu anopihwa hutachiona hwakafa kana basa rayo rakadzikiswa kuitira kukurudzira immune system kuti ione hutachiona uye igadzire hutachiona mariri. Ona kuti majekiseni makuru ndeapi uye anofanira kutorwa riini.

Passive jekiseni

Kungobaya majekiseni ekudzivirira zvirwere kunoitika kana munhu awana masoja ekudzivirira chirwere anogadzirwa nemumwe munhu kana mhuka. Mhando yekudzivirira iyi inowanzo kuwanikwa nechisimba kuburikidza nekupfuura kwema immunoglobulins, kunyanya erudzi rweIgG (antibody), kuburikidza nepascenta, ndiko kuti, kuburikidza nekuchinjisa kwakananga kubva kuna amai kuenda kumwana.

Kuchengetedzwa kwekudzivirira kunogonawo kuwanikwa nenzira yekushandisa, kuburikidza nekubaiwa majekiseni ekudzivirira kubva kune vamwe vanhu kana mhuka, senge inyaya yekurumwa nenyoka, semuenzaniso, umo seramu kubva kune uturu hwenyoka inoburitswa yozopihwa yakananga kumunhu. Dzidza nezve rubatsiro rwekutanga rwekurumwa nenyoka.

Mhando iyi yekudzivirira inounza mhinduro yekukurumidza yekuzvidzivirira, asi haigare sezvinoitika pakubata nhomba.

Maitiro ekusimbisa immune immune

Kuvandudza immune system, zvakakosha kutora tsika dzakanaka dzehupenyu, senge kugara uchirovedza muviri uye kudya kwakaringana, nezvikafu zvakapfuma muvhitamini C, selenium uye zinc. Ona kuti zvii zvekudya zvinogona kusimbisa immune system.

Tarisa uone mamwe matipi ekuvandudza immune yako: